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CICERO 
COMPOSITION 



SCOTT 
VAN TUYL 



A CICERO COMPOSITION BOOK 



BY 

HARRY F. SCOTT 

AND 

CHARLES H. VAN TUYL 

INSTRUCTORS IN THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO HIGH SCHOOL 



SCOTT, FORESMAN AND COMPANY 
CHICAGO NEW YORK 






^ if 



Copyright, 1913, 

BY 

SCOTT, FOKESMAN AND COMPANY 



©CI.A346332 

7u/ 



PKEFACE 

The exercises of this book have been prepared for drill on 
some of the grammatical topics which seem to the authors to 
need special attention in the reading of Cicero. The sentences 
for translation are based on the text indicated at the head of 
the lessons, with occasional additions of vocabulary made 
necessary by the topics to be illustrated in the lessons. Verb 
constructions have been placed first as being likely to furnish 
the pupil more immediate help in translation. Some of the 
simpler case uses which may seem to need little attention after 
the second year have been given for the sake of comparison 
with others which are translated by similar English phrases. 
The lessons of Part II illustrate the same topics as the lessons 
with the corresponding numbers in Part I. 

Since the pupil is usually expected to be provided with a 
Latin grammar when reading Cicero it has not seemed neces- 
sary in every instance to include fully detailed statement of 
the grammatical topics presented. Probably the statementsi 
given will be found sufficient in most of the lessons, but the 
references given at the foot of the page will be found helpful 
in affording a more complete description of a particular con- 
struction. 

The authors wish to acknowledge their indebtedness to Pro- 
fessor Charles Knapp of Barnard College, at whose sugges- 
tion numerous changes have been made. The statement 
regarding the dative with compounds is essentially that sug- 
gested by Mr. B. M. Allen of Phillips Exeter Academy in a 
paper published in the Classical Weekly. 



In the grammatical references A. indicates Allen and Greenough ; 
B., Bennett ; H., Harkness ; H.-B., Hale and Buck. 



CONTENTS 

Part I 

Lesson Page 

I Interrogative Particles. Indirect Questions 7 

(Catiline I, 1). 
II Cum Clauses of Description. Cum Causal Clauses. Cum 

Adversative Clauses 8 

(Catiline Ij 2, 3). 

III Conditional Sentences Future More Vivid and Future 

Less Vivid 9 

(Catiline I, 4, 5). 

IV Conditional Sentences Contrary to Fact. Non-committal 

Conditional Sentences 11 

(Catiline I, 6, 7). 

V Purpose Clause with ut or ne; with a Relative; with quo. 12 

Catiline I, 8, 9). 

VI Eesult Clauses with ut; with a Relative 14 

(Catiline I, 10, 11). 

VII Substantive Clauses of Desire ; of Fact 15 

(Catiline I, 12, 13). 
VIII The Subjunctive with Expressions of Fear. Negative 

Commands 16 

(Catiline, II, 1-3). 
IX The Volitive Subjunctive. The Optative Subjunctive.... 18 

(Catiline II, 4, 5). 
X The Concessive Subjunctive. Direct Questions with the 

Subjunctive 19 

(Catiline II, 6-8). 

XI Clauses with quin, quominus, etc 21 

(Catiline II, 9, 10). 
XII The Anticipatory Subjunctive. Clauses of Reason with 

quod, quia, and quoniam 22 

(Catiline II, 11-13). 

XIII Characterizing Clauses. Clauses with dignus and indignus 23 

(Catiline III, 1, 2). 

XIV Conditional Clauses of Comparison. Clauses of Proviso . . 25 

(Catiline III, 3, 4). 
XV Indirect Discourse, General Rule. Future Conditional 

Sentences in Indirect Discourse 26 

(Catiline III, 5). 
XVI Conditional Sentences Contrary to Fact in Indirect Dis- 
course. Implied Indirect Discourse 28 

(Catiline III, 6, 7). 

XVII The Imperative. The Present Tense with dum 29 

(Catiline III, 8, 9). 

XVIII The Gerund and Gerundive. Phrases Expressing Purpose. 31 

(Catiline III, 10, 12). 

XIX The Periphrastic Conjugations 32 

(Catiline IV, 1, 2). 

XX Expressions of Place 34 

(Catiline IV, 3, 4). 
5 



6 CONTENTS 

Lesson Page 

XXI Expressions of Time. Roman Dates 35 

(Catiline IV, 5, 6). 

XXII Ablative of Agent; of Means; of Accompaniment 37 

(Catiline IV, 7, 8). 

XXIII Genitive of Description. Ablative of Description 39 

(Catiline IV, 9, 11). 

XXIV Ablative of Comparison, of Degree of Difference 40 

(Manilian Law, 1-3). 

XXV Ablative of Separation ; of Accordance 41 

(Manilian Law, 4-6). 
XXVI Ablative with utor, etc.; with dignns and indignus ; with 

nitor and fretus 43 

(Manilian Law, 7-9). 
XXVII Ablative of Manner; of Attendant Circumstance; of 

Route 44 

(Manilian Law, 10-12). 
XXVIII Genitive with Verbs of Remembering and Forgetting; 
with Verbs of Accusing and Condemning; of Indefinite 

Value • . 46 

(Manilian Law, 13-15). 
XXIX Genitive with interest and refert ; with Verbs of Emotion. 47 
(Manilian Law, 16-18). 
XXX Subjective Genitive. Objective Genitive. Genitive of 

Material 49 

(Manilian Law, 19-21). 
XI_XI Dative with Special Verbs. Passive Use of Verbs which 

Govern the Dative. Dative of Possession 50 

(Manilian Law, 22, 24). 

XXXII Dative of Purpose; of Reference; of Separation 51 

(Archias, 1-3). 

XXXIII Dative with Compounds; with Adjectives. Genitive with 

Adjectives 53 

(Archias 4-6). 

XXXIV Accusative of Exclamation. Two Accusatives with Verbs 

of Naming, etc. Adverbial Accusative , 55 

(Archias 7-9)t 

XXXV Correlatives 56 

(Archias, 10-12). 

Part II. 

I-XII Verres I, 1-18, II, 61-66 58 

XIII-XVII Marcellus 65 

XVIII-XXIII Ligarius 68 

XXIV, XXV Fourth Philippic 72 

XXVI-XXXV Sallust 's Catiline 74 

College Entrance Examination Papers 81 

Vocabulary 87 

Index 105 



CICERO COMPOSITION 

PART ONE 

LESSON I 
FIRST ORATION AGAINST CATILINE 

(CHx\PTER 1) 

1. Interrogative Particles 

(a) A question which does not indicate what answer is 
expected and which does not contain an interrogative pro- 
noun, adjective, or adverb may have the enclitic -ne added to 
the emphatic word, usually the first of the sentence. 

Meministiwef do you remember? 

(b) A question which implies by its form that the answer 
"yes" is expected is introduced by nonne (occasionally by 
nihilne). 

Nonne meministi? do you not remember? 

(c) A question which implies by its form that the answer 
"no" is expected is introduced by num. 

Num meministi? you do not remember, do you? 

2, Indirect Questions 

An indirect question has its verb in the subjunctive mode. 
Ignoro ubi fuerls, I do not know where you were. 

Exercises 

1. Have the consuls a decree of the senate against Catiline ? 
2. Does not the senate know all these things? 3. Cicero did 

7 



8 CICERO COMPOSITION 

not order Catiline to be led to execution (death), did he? 4. 
We knew who had been called together and what plan they had 
adopted. 5. Do you wish to lay waste the city with fire and 
sword ? 6. You do not know how long this man has exhausted 
our patience. 7. Cicero did not ask where Catiline had been. 
8. Had not the Eomans often heard who killed Tiberius 
Gracchus? 9. The authority of the senate was not lacking, 
was it? 10. Have you not restrained this enemy by punish- 
ment? 11. Do you see who has come into the senate? 12. 
The fear of the people did not disturb (move) Catiline, did it? 

1. A. 332, a, 5; B. 162 2; H. 378; H.-B. 231 1. 

2. A. 573, 574; B. 300; H. 649 II; H.-B. 537 6, 507 3. 

LESSON II 

(Chapters 2, 3) 

1. Cum Descriptive Clauses of Situation 

A subordinate clause introduced by cum, meaning "when," 
if used to describe the situation in which the main act took 
place has its verb in the imperfect or past perfect subjunctive. 

Cum in senatum venisset nemo eum salutavit, when he had 
come into the senate no one greeted him. 

2. Cum Causal Clauses 

A subordinate clause introduced, by cum, meaning "since/' 
gives the reason for the main act and has its verb in the sub- 
junctive (any tense). 

Cum hostis sit civis esse non potest, since he is an enemy he 
can not be a citizen. 

3. Cum Adversative Clauses 

A subordinate clause introduced by cum, meaning "al- 
though/ 7 states a fact which is in contrast or opposition to the 
main clause and has its verb in the subjunctive. 



CICEBO COMPOSITION 9 

Cum magnas copias liabeat tamen eum non timemus, 
although he has large forces, still we do not fear him. 

With adversative clauses, tamen usually stands in 
the main clause. 

Exercises 

1. When the camp had been located in Etruria, the number 
of the enemy increased. 2. Although we have a decree of the 
senate of this sort, still this man lives. 3. Since Catiline had 
not been arrested, the state was in great danger. 4. Do you 
not confess that Marcus Fulvius was killed justly? 5. The 
commander of the camp was not in the senate, was he ? 6. Did 
you defend Catiline w r hen the consul had said this? 7. The 
Romans remembered who (plural) had fled on that day. 8. 
Although you remain in the city your plans have been checked. 
9. You were not satisfied by the departure of the prominent 
men of the state, were you? 10. Since no one defends me, I 
shall flee from (ex) the city. 11. You know 7 who is com- 
mander of the camp of the enemy. 12. When you were plot- 
ting (moliri) the destruction of the state I did not arrest you. 

1. A. 546; B. 288 B; H. 600 II; H.-B. 524. 

2. A. 549; B. 286 2; H. 598; H.-B. 523. 

3. A. 549 ; B. 309 3 ; H. 598 ; H.-B. 523. 



LESSON III 

(Chapters 4. 5) 

1. Conditional Sentences, Future More Vivid 

A future more vivid conditional sentence is a conditional 
sentence which refers to future time and which gives no indi- 
cation as to the attitude of the speaker or writer toward the 
fulfillment of the condition. The conclusion is an assertion of 



10 CICERO COMPOSITION 

future action or existence. The verbs stand in the future (or 
future perfect) indicative. 

Si manebis salvus eris, if you remain you will be safe. 

The future perfect is used to emphasize the idea 

of the completion of the act. 
In English the present tense (with future mean- 

ing) is commonly used in the condition of a 

sentence of this type. 

2. Conditional Sentences, Future Less Vivid 

A future less vivid conditional sentence is a conditional sen- 
tence which refers to future time and, which implies doubt on 
the part of the speaker or writer as to the fulfillment of the 
condition. The conclusion refers to a future act or situation 
as conceivable or imaginable without asserting that it will take 
place or be realized. The verbs stand in the present (or per- 
fect) subjunctive. 

Si maneds salvus sis, if you should remain you would be 
safe. 

The perfect is used to emphasize the idea of the 
completion of the act. 

Exercises 

1. If you send these men I shall exclude them. 2. If you 
(plural) should kill the consul you would relieve me of great 
anxiety (ablative). 3. If I should be silent I should be an 
enemy of my country. 4. If you set out you will relieve us 
of (from) great fear. 5. Since you have attacked the whole 
state openly I order you to withdraw from the city. 6. 
Cicero did not find out all these things, did he? 7. If you 
should leave these men in the city I would order them to with- 
draw. 8. "When your associates had assembled, you assigned 
the parts of the city for setting on fire (for fires). 9. If 
Catiline kills his rivals it will be a great calamity to the state. 



CICEBO COMPOSITION H 

10. Although the gates are open, still you remain in the city. 

11. Do you not see here in the senate some who were with 
him ? 12. You did not know who was watching for the safety 
of the state. 

1. A. 516 1, a } c; B. 302 1 ; H. 574, 2, 3 ; H.-B. 579 a. 

2. A. 516 2, b, c; B. 303; H. 576; H,-B. 580. 



LESSON IV 
(Chapters 6, 7) 

1. Conditional Sentences Contrary to Fact 

A conditional sentence which implies that the condition is 
not true has its verbs in the imperfect or past perfect sub- 
junctive; the imperfect to refer to present time and the past 
perfect to refer to past time. 

Si in urbe esses omnes te timerent, if you were in the city 
all ivould fear you. 

Si in urbe remansisset interfectus esset, if he had remained 
in the city he would have been hilled. 

Commonly the tense of the verbs in the two 
clauses is the same, but the imperfect may be 
used in one clause and the past perfect in the 
other if the sense requires. 

2. Noncommittal Conditional Sentences 

A conditional sentence referring to present or past time 
and not implying that the condition is either true or false 
has its verbs in the indicative. 

Si exercitus adest urbs salva est, if the army is at hand the 
city is safe. 

Si hie homo amicus fuit iniustus fuistl, if this man was 
your friend you were unjust. 



12 CICEIiO COMPOSITION 

The imperative or the subjunctive may be em- 
ployed in the conclusion instead of the indic- 
ative whenever the sense requires. 

Desilite, nisi vultis aquilam hostibus prSdere, jump over- 
board unless you wish to give up the standard to the enemy. 

The future more vivid conditional sentence is 
merely a non-committal conditional sentence in 
future time. 

Exercises 

1. If you were in Etruria we should not fear you. 2. If 
you are trying to kill the consul you are an enemy of (to) 
the state. 3. If I had been moved by hatred I should not 
have spoken thus. 4. If the ex-consuls left their seats vacant 
they feared you. 5. If we leave the city the citizens will 
not fear us. 6. If the laws should be disregarded no one 
would be safe in the city. 7. Although these things affect 
(pertain to) the lives and safety of all, I shall pass them by. 
8. If this fear were groundless (false) compassion would be 
due (owed to) you. 9. Does not the ruin (plural) of your 
fortunes threaten you at the next Ides? 10. If Catiline had 
withdrawn he would have saved us from this fear (taken 
away this fear for us). 11. The ex-consuls did not greet you 
when you came into the senate, did they? 12. If you can- 
not appease your parents, avoid their presence. 

1. A. 517 ; B. 304 ; H. 579 ; H.-B. 581. 

2. A. 515; B. 302; H. 574 ; H.-B. 579. 

■ LESSON V 
(Chapters 8, 9) 
Purpose Clauses 

1. Purpose may be expressed by the subjunctive intro- 
duced by ut, or (if the purpose is negative) by ne. 



CICEBO COMPOSITION 13 

In templum convenimus ut periculum vitaremus, we 
assembled in the temple in order to avoid danger. 

Eos exclusi ne me inter fleer ent, I excluded them that they 
might not kill me. 

2. If the purpose clause contains a comparative form of an 
adjective or of an adverb quo is regularly used instead of ut. 

Gallos arcessivi quo copias maiores haberem, I summoned 
the Gauls that I might have larger forces. 

3. If the purpose clause is closely connected in thought with 
some noun or pronoun in the main clause it may be introduced 
by a relative pronoun. 

Una legio missa est quae impetum faceret, one legion was 
sent to make an attack (which should make an attack). 

Exercises 

1. Catiline wished to live at the house of (ad) Lepidus to 
avoid suspicion. 2. If he had been received by Lepidus he 
would not have come to Cicero. 3. You did these things that 
you might seem braver. 4. If I knew what these men think I 
should not hesitate. 5. The senate decrees this that the 
authority of the consuls may be greater. 6. These men were 
sent ahead to decide on a day with Manlius (who should de- 
cide, etc.). 7. If the Roman knights were silent they approved. 
8. I set out from the city in order that the consul might not 
lay violent hands on me. 9. If you should come to me I would 
not receive you. 10. This man w T ill go into exile that he may 
stir up unpopularity against the consul (for the consul). 11. 
The senate will send men who shall escort you to the gates. 
12. Although this is at variance with my customs, I order you 
to withdraw. 

1. A. 531 1 ; B. 282 1; H. 568 ; H.-B. 502 2. 

2. A. 531 a; B. 282 1 a; H. 568 7 ; H.-B. 502 2 &. 

3. A. 531 2 ; B. 282 2 ; H. 590 ; H.-B. 502 2. 



14 CICEEO COMPOSITION 

LESSON VI 
(Chapters 10, 11) 
Clauses of Result 

1. A subordinate clause introduced by ut, with its verb in 
the subjunctive, may be used to express the result of the main 
act. The negative in a clause of result is non. 

Multi ita perterriti sunt ut ex urbe profugerent, many 
were so frightened that they fled from the city. 

2. // the result clause is closely connected in thought with 
some noun or pronoun in the main clause, it may be introduced 
by a relative pronoun. 

Nemo tarn improbus erat qui non id iure factum esse 
fateretur, no one was so disloyal that he did not admit that 
this was done justly. 

The relative clause of result is especially fre- 
quent ivhen the main clause contains a nega- 
tive. 

Exercises 

1. The number of the enemy was so great that our soldiers 
did not dare to make an attack. 2. No one is so desperate 
that he never wishes peace. 3. The time was so short that the 
commander could not wait for these men. 4. I kept you out 
of the consulship that you might not injure (vexo) the state 
as consul. 5. If your own wish had not trained you for this 
madness, this situation (thing) would bring you distress. 6. 
You do not see any loyal (good) man in so great a number of 
your followers, do you ? 7. Although the custom of our ances- 
tors does not hinder me, still I shall not order you to be 
punished. 8. Have you not often neglected the safety of your 
[fellow] citizens? 9. Since the Roman people have raised me 
to the highest [position of] authority, I shall not neglect their 



CICEBO COMPOSITION 15 

safety. 10. These men have undertaken a war so wickedly 
that they do not retain the rights of citizens. 11. If Italy 
should be laid waste in war you would exult. 12. Your en- 
durance of cold and hunger is so great that it seems incredible. 

1. A. 537 1; B. 284; H. 570; H.-B. 521 2. 

2. A. 537 2 ; B. 284 2 ; II. 591, 2 ; H.-B. 521 1. 

Note.— Words enclosed in brackets are to be omitted in translation. 



LESSON VII 

(Chapters 12, 13) 

1. Substantive Clauses of Desire 

Verbs expressing an idea of desire, such as those meaning 
to command, urge, persuade, request, and the like, may take 
as object (or as subject in the passive) a clause introduced by 
ut or, if negative, by ne, with its verb in the subjunctive. Occa- 
sionally the subjunctive without ut is used. 

Rogasti ut te domi meae adservarem, you requested that 
I take care of you at my house. 

Postulo ut temporibus rei publicae cedds, I ask that you 
yield to the necessities of the state. 

Such a clause may be used as an appositive of 
the object of any of these verbs. 

2. Substantive Clauses of Fact 

Verbs meaning to happen, to bring about, and the like, may 
take a dependent substantive clause introduced by ut ivith its 
verb in the subjunctive. The subjunctive in clauses of this 
kind expresses a fact. The negative is non. 

Accidit ut nemo te videret, it happened that no one saw you. 

Effecerant ut hae saepes munimenta praeberent, they had 
caused these hedges to furnish protection. 



16 CICEBO COMPOSITION 

Exercises 

1. I demand that you answer these men. 2. The danger 
has caused us all to hold (brought it about that we all hold) 
the same opinion. 3. Who has persuaded you (dative) to 
strengthen this conspiracy of desperate men. 4. It happened 
that we were relieved from fear and anxiety for a little while. 
5. There was no one so foolish that he did not then fear. 6. 
We beg (petere) that you will keep the enemies of the country 
away from the temples and houses of the city. 7. These men 
were so disloyal that our fathers did not give them the use of 
one hour to live (for living). 8. We are withdrawing that 
we may not seem disloyal. 9. If he had led out all his [fol- 
lowers] this full grown plague of the state would have been 
destroyed. 10. If a sick man should drink cold water he 
would seem to be relieved at first. 11. I promise you this 
that your diligence may be greater, 12. Fear of punishment 
caused many who were disloyal to withdraw (exlre) from the 
city. 

1. A. 563; B. 295, 296; H. 565; H.-B. 502 3. 

2. A. 568; B. 297; H. 571; H.-B. 521 3. 



LESSON VIII 

SECOND ORATION AGAINST CATILINE 

(Chapters 1-3) 

1. The Subjunctive with Expressions of Fear 

Verbs and other expressions of fear or danger may be fol- 
lowed by a clause with the subjunctive introduced by ne or ut. 
In this use ne means "that" and ut means "that not." 

Socii eius timent ne in exsilium eat, Ms associates fear that 
he is going into exile. 



CICEBO COMPOSITION 17 

Verebamur ut nuntius mitteretur, ive ivere afraid that the 
messenger would not he sent. 

2. Negative Commands (Prohibitions) 

Negative commands in the second person (prohibitions) are 
commonly expressed by the imperative of nolo (noli, nolite) 
and the infinitive of the verb expressing the act forbidden. 

Noli hoc dlcere, do not say this. 

Such commands are sometimes expressed by the 
imperative of caveo followed by the subjunc- 
tive with or without ne, and occasionally by 
the independent subjunctive (present or per- 
fect) with ne. 

Exercises 

1. Catiline's associates were afraid that he would be driven 
from the city. 2. Do not drive him from secret plots into 
open brigandage. 3. He fears that Italy will be snatched 
from his grasp (jaws). 4. Can you persuade him to with- 
draw from the city ? 5. Do not hope that my former leniency 
will be endless. 6. Do not demand that I arrest these men. 
7. When the army had been collected we preferred to remain 
here. 8. I did not know what you were awaiting. 9. If he 
had waged war openly he would have been conquered. 10. If 
any one should accuse me I should defend myself. 11. The 
danger was so great that Quintus Metellus prepared an army. 
12. He set out that he might not be arrested and killed. 13. 
Although he has left the citizens unharmed they fear that the 
danger has not been warded off. 14. I feared that he would 
not lead out these men with him. 

1. A. 564 ; B. 296 2 ; II. 567 ; H.-B. 502 4. 

2. A. 450; B. 276, c; H. 561; H.-B. 501 3 a. 



18 CICEBO COMPOSITION 

LESSON IX 

(Chapters 4, 5) 

1. The Volitive Subjunctive 

The subjunctive may be used to express an act as willed. 
The negative is ne. 

(a) The expression of will may take the form of urging 
someone to act together with the speaker. 

In urbe maneamus, let us remain in the city. 

(b) It may take the form of a command to be carried out 
by someone else than the person addressed. 

Centurio de muro descendat, let the centurion descend from 
the wall. 

(c) Barely it may express a command in the second person. 

2. The Optative Subjunctive 

The subjunctive may be used to express a wish. The pres- 
ent tense in wishes refers to future time, the imperfect to 
present time and the past perfect to past time. 

Utinam is regularly employed to introduce the 
imperfect and past perfect of the optative sub- 
junctive and sometimes to introduce the pres- 
ent. The negative is regularly ne. 

(Utinam) huic aliquando gratiam referre possimus, that 
we may some day be able to requite him. 

Utinam Clodius viveret, would that Clodius were alive. 

Utinam omnes copias suas secum eduxisset, would that he 
had led out all his forces with him. 

Exercises 

1. Let us grant one thing even now. 2. Let us point out 
the road to those who did not set out with Catiline. 3. Would 



CICEEO COMPOSITION 19 

that I had gained the thing (id) which I have been waiting 
for. 4. I hope that you may all see (0 that you may all see) 
that a conspiracy has been formed against the state. 5. Let 
them not use up the resources of virtue in the practice of 
crimes. 6. Would that there were a place for leniency. 7. 
Would that Manlius were collecting all the desperate men from 
all Italy into his camp. 8. Let these gladiators confess that 
they are comrades of Catiline. 9. Do not allow these des- 
perate men to remain to the peril of the state. 10. The Ro- 
man people feared that war was impending. 11. There is no 
punishment so great that it is not due this crime. 12. What 
has made you fear (brought it about that you fear) ? 13. 
The time was so short that many remained in the city. 14. 
They are quiet that they may not take upon themselves the 
hostility of the loyal (good) citizens. 

1. A. 439; B. 273; H. 559; H.-B. 500, 501. 

2. A. 441, 442; B. 279; H. 558; H.-B. 510, 511. 

LESSON X 

(Chapters 6-8) 

1. The Concessive Subjunctive 

The subjunctive is sometimes used to express a concession 
which is made for the sake of emphasizing the fact that ivhat 
follows is true in spite of the concession. The negative is ne. 

Sit Scipio clarus, erit profecto aliquid loci gloriae nostrae, 
granted that Scipio is famous, surely there will be some place 
for honor to me. 

2. The Subjunctive in Direct Questions 

The subjunctive is used in questions which imply that a 
command or an expression of duty or obligation is expected 
in reply. It is also used in questions which imply that some- 



20 CICEEO COMPOSITION 

thing is impossible or which serve as a mere expression of 
indignation or incredulity. The negative is non. 

Commemorem has urbes captas esse? shall I remind you 
that these cities were taken? 

Quis arbitraretur hoc bellum ab uno imperatore confici 
posse? who would have thought that this war could have 
been brought to an end by one commander? 

Tu ut ullam fugam mediteris, would you ever think of any 
flight? 

Exercises 

1. Granted that Catiline is very modest, he will not go into 
exile. 2. Shall I change my purpose and desert my friends? 
3. Who would say that the consul has driven citizens into 
exile ? 4. Shall I confess that I am an enemy to my country ? 
5. Since I am deeply in debt (in great debt), shall I fear 
war? 6. Granted that these men have great possessions, still 
they are not good citizens. 7. Let us ask why they hesitate 
to set out from the city. 8. May he turn his course from this 
career of crime to flight and exile. 9. Would that you who 
are so compassionate saw the danger. 10. If I had great pos- 
sessions I should not desire war. 11. You are so shameless that 
you do not dissemble. 12. We have lands and buildings but 
we shall not take from our possessions in order to add to our 
credit. 13. Cicero did not fear that he would be thought a 
cruel tyrant. 14. Do not expect from Catiline a readjust- 
ment of accounts (new accounts). 15. Granted that the con- 
sul is watchful, the danger has not been warded off. 

1. A. 440; R 278: H. 559, 3; II.-B. 532. 

2. A. 444; B. 277; H. 559, 4, 5, 557; H.-B. 503, 517, 1. 



CICERO COMPOSITION 21 

LESSON XI 

(Chapters 9, 10) 
Clauses with quin, quominus, etc 

1. Words and phrases of hindrance, prevention, and re- 
fusal when accompanied by a negative may be followed by 
quin or quominus with the subjunctive. 

Non recusamus quin (or quominus) contenddmus, we do 
not refuse to fight. 

When no negative is used the subjunctive with 
these expressions is introduced by ne or quominus. 

Deterrent reliquos ne (or quominus) frumentum confer ant, 
they prevent the others from collecting grain. 

The use of quominus with recuso is limited to 
sentences containing a negative. 

2. Words and phrases of donbt when accompanied by a 
negative are followed by quin and the subjunctive. 

Non dubium est quin amicus sit, there is no doubt that he 
is a friend (it is not doubtful, etc.) 

Exercises 

1. There is no doubt that these men are burdened with 
debt. 2. We cannot be prevented from bringing help. 3. You 
do not refuse to attempt so great a crime. 4. I shall not pre- 
vent Catiline from perishing in brigandage. 5. There is no 
doubt that they are plotting massacre and proscriptions. 6. 
The immortal gods will hinder you from attaining that which 
you desire. 7. Granted that these men are assassins and 
criminals, they are nevertheless brave soldiers. 8. Shall I 
recall this class from Catiline? 9. If we cannot live honor- 
ably, let us perish honorably. 10. Would that we were able 
to call up Sulla from the land of the dead (inferl). 11. Do not 



22 CICERO COMPOSITION 

build as if [you were] rich. 12. I fear that the consul is 
watching. 13. There is no doubt that Cicero warned them. 
14. We cannot hinder them from desiring choice estates. 15. 
I refuse to be of this class. 

1. A. 558, &; B. 295, 3; II. 568, 8, 595, 2; II. -B. 502, 3, 1)). 

2. A. 558, a; B. 298; H. 595, 1; H.-B. 521, 3 b). 



LESSON XII 

(Chapters 11-13) 

1. The Anticipatory Subjunctive 

Subordinate clauses introduced by words meaning "before" 
or "until" take the subjunctive to represent an act as antici- 
pated or looked forward to. 

Legio se recepit priusquam hostes impetum facer et, the 
legion retreated before the enemy made an attack. 

Exspectabam dum milites revocares, I was wailing until 
you should recall the soldiers. 

If the subordinate clause expresses an actual 
occurrence it has its verb in the indicative. 

2, Clauses of Reason with quod, quia, and quoniam 

A clause of reason introduced by quod, quia, or quoniam 
has its verb in the indicative if the reason is given directly as 
that of the speaker or writer, but in the subjunctive if it is 
quoted as a reason expressed or held by some other person or 
by the speaker or writer at some other time. 

Profectus est quod verebatur, he set out because he was 
afraid. 

Gratias consul! egerunt quod rem publicam conservdvisset, 
they thanked the consul for having saved the state, i. e., 
because (as they said) he had saved the state. 



CICERO COMPOSITION 23 

Exercises 

1. I waited until Catiline should lead out his army. 2. The 
consul wished to fight before the enthusiasm (pi.) of his 
forces should fail. 3. Metellus did not wait until the senate 
was called. 4. The praetor was sent into the district of Pice- 
num before there was any uprising. 5. Cicero warned, them 
because (as he said) they were citizens. 6. We have remained 
in the city because we do not wish to go forth. 7. The consul 
promised this on the ground that (because) the gods were 
defending the state. 8. There is no doubt that we have a 
brave army. 9. I could not hinder these men from remain- 
ing in the city. 10. Who would forget that this is his native 
country? 11. Since he is not a citizen, let him die. 12. If 
the colonists had been informed they would have restrained 
the gladiators. 13. If you should die for your country it 
would be a brave deed. 14. I checked (prohibere) all his 
attempts before the danger was great. 15. We feared that 
the war would not be settled with you as leader. 

1. A. 551, 1), 553; B. 292, 293, III, 2; H. 603, II, 2, 605; H.-B. 
507, 4, 5. 

2. A. 540; B. 2S6, 1; H. 588; H.-B. 554, 555, a. 



LESSON XIII 

THIRD ORATION AGAINST CATILINE 

(Chapters 1, 2) 

1, Characterizing Clauses 

A relative clause ivhich is used to describe the antecedent 
of the relative has its verb in the subjunctive. 

Nemo est qui non te metuat, there is no one ivho does not 
fear you. 



24 CICEEO COMPOSITION 

The characterizing clause is found most fre- 
quently with negative or indefinite expres- 
sions, such as nemo est qui, non est qui, null! 
sunt qui, multi sunt qui, quis est qui, and the 
like. 

Multi erant qui eum defenderent, there ivere many who 
defended him. 

A relative clause which is parenthetical in character or 
which is equivalent in thought to a main clause has its verb 
in the indicative, even though it serves to describe the ante- 
cedent. When the antecedent is a proper noun or a personal 
pronoun, the relative clause either belongs to this class or else 
serves merely to point out the antecedent without describing 
it, and so has its verb in the indicative. 

P. Considius qui rei militaris peritissimus habebdtur 
praemittitur, Publius Considius who was regarded as thor- 
oughly familiar with military affairs was sent ahead. 

The subjunctive in characterizing clauses com- 
monly expresses a fact, but sometimes it is 
used to refer to an act or situation as possible 
or conceivable, or as an obligation. 

Nemo erat cui litteras darem, there was no one to whom 1 
could give a letter. 

2. Clauses with dignus, indignus, and idoneus 

The adjectives dignus, indignus, and idoneus, are frequently 
followed by a relative clause with its verb in the subjunctive. 
Dignus est qui mittatur, he is worthy to be sent. 

Exercises 

1. There were many who did not see the danger. 2. There 
is no one to whom this day is not pleasing. 3. He who founded 
this city is worthy of being [held] in honor among us (who 



CICEBO COMPOSITION 25 

should be in honor, etc.). 4. The leaders of this war are 
unworthy to remain in this city. 5. These envoys are suitable 
to be sent to Catiline. 6. You are not worthy to know this. 
7. There were many w T ho did not fear unpopularity. 8. All 
were waiting for me to drive Catiline out of the city (until I 
should drive). 9. The consul disclosed the situation (res) 
because it was not known to (by) the others. 10. Do not give 
this letter to the praetor. 11. Volturcius was not a friend of 
Catiline, was he? 12. They drew their swords before they 
made an attack. 13. If they were weak and helpless you 
would not fear them. 14. If the praetors should arrive at 
the Mulvian bridge without the suspicion of anyone the danger 
would be less. 

1. A. 535; B. 283, 1; H. 591. 1, 5; H.-B. 521, 1. 

2. A. 535, f; B. 282, 3; H. 591, 7; H.-B. 513, 3. 



LESSON XIV 

(Chapters 3, 4) 

1. Conditional Clauses of Comparison 

A conditional clause of comparison is introduced by a word 
or phrase meaning "as if" (quasi, velut si, tamquam, tam- 
quam si, etc.) and has its verb in the subjunctive. The tense 
of the verb in a clause of this type is regularly present or per- 
fect if the main verb is present or future; it is imperfect or 
past perfect if the main verb is in any past tense. 

Eum metuerunt velut si adesset, they feared him as if he 
were present. 

2. Clauses of Proviso 

A clause of proviso is introduced by dum, modo, or dum- 
modo, and has its verb in the subjunctive. 



26 CICERO COMPOSITION 

Hoc dicat dummodo in exsilium eat, let him say this pro- 
vided he goes into exile. 

Exercises 

1. I shall lay the matter before (ad) the senate as if I 
thought nothing had been discovered. 2. Provided the letters 
are surrendered the fight will be stopped. 3. I shall open the 
letters provided these men assemble in the morning. 4. I 
summoned Gabinius as if I suspected nothing. 5. Gaius Sul- 
picius is suitable to be sent to the house of Cethegus (who 
should be sent). 6. There is no one who believes that this 
year is appointed by destiny (fated) for the destruction of 
the state. 7. There was no doubt that he wished to unite 
(join himself) with the forces in the city. 8. Granted that 
these men are soothsayers, they did not know this. 9. Shall 
I set fire to the city on all sides? 10. Let us reveal what we 
know, without fear. 11. Would that I had not given this 
letter to the Gauls. 12. We were afraid that the Gauls would 
send cavalry into Italy. 13. Provided Catiline approaches 
with an army we shall set fire to the city. 14. I shall bring in 
Volturcius as if I did not have the letters. 

1. A. 524; B. 307; H. 584; H.-B. 504, 3. 

2. A. 528 ; B. 310 ; H. 587 ; H.-B. 529. 



LESSON XV 

(Chapter 5) 
1. Indirect Discourse. General Statement 

In indirect discourse a main clause expressing a statement 
has its verb in the infinitive with the subject in the accusative , 
a main clause expressing a command has its verb in the sub- 
junctive, and all subordinate clauses have their verbs in the 
subjunctive. 



CICEEO COMPOSITION 27 

Ariovistus respondit: se non sine exercitu in eas partes 
Galliae venire audere quas Caesar possideret, Ariovistus re- 
plied that he did not dare come without an army into that 
part of Gaul which Caesar had possession of. 

Caesar dixit se non longius quattuor milibus passuum 
processurum eo die ; hue postero die convenlrent, Caesar said 
that he would not advance further than four miles on this 
day, (and) that they should meet him here on the day fol- 
lowing. 

2. Conditional Clauses Referring to Future Time in Indirect 

Discourse 

A conditional sentence referring to future time in indirect 
discourse, whether future more vivid or future less vivid, has 
the verb of the conclusion in the future infinitive. The verb 
of the condition is in the present or perfect subjunctive if 
the verb on which the indirect discourse depends refers to 
present or future time, but in the imperfect or past perfect 
if the verb on which the indirect discourse depends refers to 
past time. 

Legatos ad Caesarem niisit: si Caesar permitteret se in 
castra venturum esse, he sent envoys to Caesar (to say) that 
if Caesar would grant permission he would come to the camp. 

Exercises 

1. The Gauls said that letters (tablets) had been given 
them by Lentulus. 2. Cethegus replied that he had these 
swords at his house (apud se) because he was fond of good 
weapons. 3. Cicero thought Statilius would confess if the 
letter should be read aloud. 4. The consul said that the let- 
ters had been opened ; [and] that I should bring in Gabinius. 
5. We know that he will answer insolently if we give [him] 
the opportunity (potestatem facere). 6. Gabinius confessed 
that those things which the Gauls had charged were true. 



28 CICERO COMPOSITION 

7. You assent as if you recognized the seal. 8. Provided we 
answer consistently, the others (ceterl) will not confess. 9. Is 
there nothing which can recall you from this crime ? 10. The 
lowest are worthy to be united with us (joined to us) . 11. The 
Allobroges said that they would come if it should be neces- 
sary. 12. The consul said that Statilius had recognized the 
seal; that the letter should now be read aloud. 13. Lentulus 
did not deny those things which the Gauls charged, did he? 

1. A. 580, 588 ; B. 314, 316 ; H. 642, 643 ; H.-B. 534, 1, 2. 

2. A. 589, 1, 2, a; B. 319, 320; H. 646; H.-B. 534, 1, b. 



LESSON XVI 
(Chapters 6, 7) 

1. Indirect Discourse. Conditions Contrary to Fact 

In indirect discourse the conclusion of a conditional sen- 
tence contrary to fact is expressed by the future participle 
with fuisse, if the verb is active. The condition has the mode 
and tense which would have been used in direct discourse. 

Dicit legatum auxilium missurum fuisse si periculum 
vldisset, he says the lieutenant would have sent help if he 
had seen the danger. 

If the verb of the conclusion is passive or has no future 
participle futurum fuisse is used, followed by ut and the 
imperfect subjunctive of the verb in question. 

Dicit futurum fuisse ut auxilium mitteretur si periculum 
visum esset, he says that help would have been sent if the 
danger had been seen. 

2. Implied Indirect Discourse 

The subjunctive may be used in a subordinate clause to 
indicate that it is a quotation although no main clause of 
indirect discourse stands in the context. 



CICEEO COMPOSITION 29 

Servos qui ad eos perfugissent poposcit, he demanded the 
slaves who had fled to them. 

Exercises 

1. I think that my colleague would not have removed these 
men from his counsels if they had been good citizens. 2. The 
praetor said that if Ceparius were present he would give him 
into custody. 3. The senate decreed custody for those who 
were present. 4. The consul gave [them] an opportunity 
(potestatem facere) if they wished to reply. 5. You see that 
the praetors were praised because they were brave. 6. Cicero 
thought that he should free Italy from war if he should punish 
these enemies of the country. 7. Gams Glaucia will be killed 
as if he were a private citizen. 8. Provided the state is freed 
from danger a thanksgiving will be decreed. 9. All these 
soldiers are worthy to be praised. 10. Who is there who 
would dare say this? 11. "We know that you would not have 
arrested these men if they had not been the leaders of a 
dangerous war. 12. Do you think the praetors would have 
been praised if they had not been brave men? 

1. A. 589, h; B. 321; H. 647; H.-B. 581, ~b 3 1). 

2. A. 592; B. 323; II. 649, I; H.-B. 535, 1, a. 



LESSON XVII 

(Chapters 8, 9) 

1. The Imperative 

The imperative mode is used to express affirmative com- 
mands. The forms of the present tense are usually employed 
except in the case of the verbs memini and scio, of which the 
future is used with present meaning. 

The present forms of scio are, however, occa- 
sionally used. Memini has no present forms. 



30 CICEEO COMPOSITION 

Muta istam mentem, change your purpose. 
Scitote me vigilare, know that I am watching. 

2. Tense Use with dum 

A clause introduced by dum, meaning while if used to indi- 
cate the period of time within which the main act occurs, has 
its verb in the present indicative. 

Dum haec geruntur, ex urbe profectus sum, ivhile this was 
going on I set out from the city. 

Dum meaning as long as may take any tense of 
the indicative which the sense requires. 

Exercises 

1. Remember that all these things have been managed by 
me. 2. Know that the gods have brought us aid in person 
(present). 3. Make a larger statue of Jupiter and turn it 
toward the east. 4. While these things were happening the 
soothsayers assembled. 5. While the statue was being set up 
these facts (things) were disclosed. 6. While you were deny- 
ing all these things, we obtained (arrived at) these proofs. 
7. The Romans thought that the gods would not have brought 
them aid if they had not been appeased. 8. Cicero resisted 
those (dative) who wished to make war on the Roman people. 

9. Do not neglect your own safety and the hope of power. 

10. I feared that these things would seem incredible to some. 

11. There is no doubt that civil war is approaching. 12. Were 
you so infatuated as to deny that this city is ruled by the will 
of Jupiter? 13. Be assured (know) that the whole city is 
safe. 14. Lentulus entrusted the letter to the Gauls, who 
(he said) wished to conquer the Roman people. 

1. A. 448, 449, a; B. 281 ; H. 560, 2 ; H.-B. 496, c. 

2. A. 556; B. 293; H. 533, 4; H.-B. 559. 



CICEEO COMPOSITION 31 

LESSON XVIII 

(Chapters 10-12) 
L The Gerund and Gerundive 

The gerund is a verbal noun. The gerundive is the future 
passive participle when used in agreement with a noun or pro- 
noun in a phrase which is equivalent in sense to a gerund 
and an object. 

In the place of a gerund standing as the object 
of a preposition and itself governing an object 
the gerundive is always used. 

Nos non pugnando sed tacendo superare potuerunt, they 
might have conquered us not by fighting but by keeping silent. 

Haec ad placandos deos pertinebant, these things tended to 
appease the gods. 

2. The Gerund or Gerundive in Phrases of Purpose 

The accusative of the gerund or gerundive construction with 
ad, and also the genitive of the gerund or gerundive construc- 
tion ivith causa may be used to express purpose. 

Ad pacem petendam venerunt, they came to ask for peace. 

VUandae suspicionis causa remansit, he remained for the 
purpose of avoiding suspicion. 

Exercises 

1. By conquering this enemy I have rescued you from a 
cruel destruction. 2. We shall not save the state by yielding. 

3. I conducted myself thus for the purpose of saving you. 

4. They are waging war for the purpose of destroying the state. 

5. We have come for the purpose of seeing. 6. Remem- 
ber that Gaius Marius was driven from the city and that 
many brave men were killed. 7. Avenge (sing.) the cruelty 
of the consul and his friends. 8. While you w T ere celebrating 



32 CICEEO COMPOSITION 

these days your commander was defeated. 9. If I should 
assail the disloyal citizens it would redound (valere) to my 
glory. 10. The conspirators did not wish to betray those 
who they said were their friends. 11. Many said that 
Marius would have crushed the enemy if he had defeated 
them. 12. I know that they will destroy the state if I do not 
defend it. 13. You have incurred (undergone) unpopularity 
in saving us. 14. Cicero did not do this for the sake of living 
with enemies. 15. The citizens wished to see the consul before 
they departed to their houses. 

1. A. 502, 503; B. 338, 339; H. G26-631 ; H.-B. 609, 611. 

2. A. 504, b, 506 ; B. 338, 1, c) 3, 339 ; H. 626, 628 ; H.-B. 612, I, III. 



LESSON XIX 

FOURTH ORATION AGAINST CATILINE 

(Chapters 1, 2) 

The Periphrastic Conjugations 

1. The First Periphrastic conjugation is made up of the 
future active participle and the forms of sum. It represents 
the subject as intending to do or about to do the act mentioned. 

Non est iturus, he does not intend to go. 

2. The Second Periphrastic conjugation is made up of the 
future passive participle and the forms of sum. It expresses 
in the passive an act as a necessity or obligation. 

Carthago delenda est, Carthage must be destroyed. 

Expressions of Obligation 

The following methods of expressing obligation are fre- 
quently employed: 

(a) The second periphrastic conjugation. 



CICEBO COMPOSITION 33 

(b) Oportet with the infinitive and subject accusative 
(sometimes with the subjunctive). 

(c) The forms of debeo with the complementary infinitive. 

Exercises 

1. This danger which you see ought to be warded off. 2. 
We ought to endure these sufferings bravely. 3. I am about 
to yield much (plur.) that I may rescue Italy from war. 4. 
Gaius Gracchus was killed because he was about to stir up 
the agrarian partisans (agrarii). 5. These men have been 
left to incite the Allobroges and to stir up the slaves. 6. I 
shall remedy many things by remaining silent. 7. We killed 
these enemies of the country for the' purpose of warding off 
danger. 8. These men whom we hold are about to die. 9. I 
ought to be moved by the sorrow of my son-in-law and my 
daughter. 10. Death ought not to be unhappy for a philoso- 
pher (sapiens). 11. Cicero thought that the state would have 
perished if he had not been consul. 12. Rescue Italy from 
war and devastation, gentlemen of the senate. 13. Provided 
you are safe, I shall not be anxious about myself. 14. Is not 
the name of the Roman people worthy to be defended? 15. 
We ought to see all the storms which threaten. 16. While you 
were thinking of (de) yourselves, I rescued the country 
from war. 

1. A. 194, a; B. 115, 269 3; H. 531; II.-B. 162. 

2. A. 194 b; B. 115, 337 7 1)) 1 ; H. 531; H.-B. 162. 



34 CICERO COMPOSITION 

LESSON XX 
(Chapters 3, 4) 

Expressions of Place 

With most nouns or pronouns, ideas of place are expressed 
as follows: 

(a) Place where is regularly expressed by the ablative 
with in. 

(b) Place from which is regularly expressed by the 
ablative with ab, de, ex. 

(c) Place to which is regularly expressed by the accusative 
with ad or in. 

But with names of towns and small islands, also with domus 
and rus the rule is as follows: 

(a) Place where is expressed by the locative. 

(b) Place from which is expressed by the ablative without 
a preposition. 

(c) Place to which is expressed by the accusative without 
a preposition. 

With such words as locus and pars and with any 
noun modified by totus, medius, or omnis, place 
where may be expressed by the ablative with- 
out a preposition. 

The genitive of an adjective may be used to agree 
with the locative domi. 

In agro Piceno dllectum habuit, he made a levy in the dis- 
trict of Picenum. 

Ex provincid decessit, he withdrew from the province. 

Legati in Galliam missi sunt, envoys were sent into Gaul. 

Edmae restiterunt, they remained at Rome. 

Me domi meae interficere conati sunt, they tried to kill me 
in my own home. 

Brundisio discessit, he has departed from Brundisium. 



CICEEO COMPOSITION 35 

Domo molita cibaria trium mensium extulerunt, they took 
from home a three months' supply of ground grain. 

Catillna non Massiliam Tvit, Catiline did not go to Marseilles. 
Rex domum rediit, the king returned home. 

Exercises 

1. When the conspiracy had been disclosed in the city we 
thanked the consul. 2. The envoys of the Allobroges who 
had come from Gaul wished to return home. 3. "Why did not 
Catiline go to Marseilles? 4. This kind of punishment has 
often been employed in this state against disloyal citizens. 5. 
We set out from home because we feared that we should be 
condemned. 6. Titus Volturcius departed from Rome with 
the Gauls. 7. Publius Lentulus thought that the Gauls would 
send cavalry into Italy. 8. If Catiline goes (future) to Mar- 
seilles he will never return to Rome. 9. Those who wished to 
kill the consul in his own home will be driven (expellere) 
from the city. 10. All who have remained at Rome ought to 
be given into custody. 11. The senate ought to follow the 
proposal of Decimus Silanus. 12. The defendants were about 
to confess because they feared punishment. 13. We have sur- 
rounded them with guards for the purpose of taking away 
hope. 14. I do not understand why you refused. 

A. 426, 427; B. 182 1, 2, 228, 229, 232; H. 491 I, II; H.-B. 433, 
409, 385, 449, 451, 450. 

LESSON XXI 

(Chapters 5, 6) 

Expressions of Time 

1. The time at which or within which an act is done is 
expressed in Latin by the ablative without a preposition. 

Prima hord impetum fecerunt, they made an attack at the 
first hour. 



36 CICEBO COMPOSITION 

2. The time during which an act or situation continues is 
regularly expressed in Latin by the accusative without a 
preposition. 

Multos annos bellum gesserunt, they waged war for many 
years. 

Occasionally per is used with the accusative. 

3. Roman Dates. — Dates are expressed in Latin by count- 
ing backward from three points in a month instead of by 
counting forward from the beginning of the month as in 
English. These three points are the Kalends (the first day 
of every month), the Nones (the 7th of March, May, July, 
and October and the 5th of all the other months), and th^ 
Ides (the 15th of March, May, July, and October, and the 
13th of all other months). 

To express in Latin a given English date, for Nones or Ides, 
subtract the day of the month in the English date from the\ 
date of the Nones or Ides for that month and add one to the 
result. For Kalends, subtract from the number of days in 
the month given and add tivo. The result will be expressed 
as so many days before the Nones or Ides of the month given, 
or before the Kalends of the month following, the month being 
indicated by an adjective agreeing with Nonas, Idus, or 
Kalendas. Thus the 8th of January is in Latin, ante diem vi 
(sextum) Idus Ianuarias, commonly . abbreviated a. d. vi. Id. 
Ian. So March 28th is ante diem v Kalendas Apriles. June 2d 
is ante diem iv Nonas Iunias. December 8th is ante diem vi 
Idus Decembres. The day before the Nones, Ides, or Kalends 
is pridie Nonas, Idus, or Kalendas. 

Exercises 

1. The first oration against Catiline was delivered (habere) 
November 8th. 2. On that night Catiline fled from Rome 
with a few friends. 3. Within a few days the whole plot was 



CICERO COMPOSITION 37 

disclosed. 4. For many years there had been a certain clash- 
ing of factions (partes) at Eome. 5. Lentulus was praetor 
in the year in which Cicero was consul. 6. The men who have 
attempted to destroy the city will be put to death within four 
days. 7. For three years Catiline had sought the consulship. 
8. On December 2d Lucius Caesar said in the senate that 
Lentulus, the husband of his own sister, ought to be put to 
death. 9. On the 25th of March a slave tried to burn my 
friend's house. 10. I shall return home in six days, but I 
shall not remain at home. 11. The enormity of such (so 
great) a crime ought to be punished and the state ought to 
be defended. 12. The consul asked what associate (compan- 
ion) the senate was going to give him before the public assem- 
bly. 13. You summoned Catiline to destroy the state. 

1. A, 423 ; B. 230 ; H. 486 ; H.-B. 439. 

2. A. 423; B. 181 1; H. 417; H.-B. 387 II. 

3. A. 631; B. 371, 372; H. 754, 755; H.-B. 662-671. 

LESSON XXII 
(Chapters 7, 8) 

1. The Ablative of Agent 

With the passive voice the person by whom the act is done' 
(the "agent") is regularly referred to by the ablative with 
a or ab. 

Litterae ab Lentido datae sunt, the letter was given by 
Lentulus. 

With the second periphrastic conjugation the 
dative of agent is used. 

2. The Ablative of Means 

Means is expressed by the ablative ivithout a preposition. 
Sp. Manlium sua manu occidit, he lulled Spurius Manlius 
with his own hand. 



38 CICERO COMPOSITION 

3. The Ablative of Accompaniment 

Accompaniment is regularly expressed by the ablative with 
cum. But cum may be omitted in military phrases if the noun 
has a modifying adjective other than a numeral. 

Cum M. Lucidlo in Siciliam profectus est. he set out to 
Sicily with Marcus Lucullus. 

Exercises 

1. Supreme power has been retained by the Roman people 
for many years. 2. Our fathers by whom this city was 
founded did not all hold one and the same opinion. 3. We 
who vie with you in (de) love for the state will defend the 
city with our swords. 4. The shop-keepers (those who are in 
shops) fear that their profits (sing.) will be lessened by war. 
5. Our enemies wish to perish with all the Roman citizens 
rather than alone. 6. The slaves are present with the multi- 
tude of free born [citizens]. 7. These men came to Cicero's 
house on the 8th of November. 8. On the same day all the 
clerks had assembled with equal zeal for (of) defending the 
state. 9. Some born at Rome regard (judge) this as a city 
of the enemy. 10. The^ consul feared that he would perish at 
his own house. 11. The temples of the city ought to be pro- 
tected by you. 12. I was about to assure you that all were 
present. 13. These men know that all their profit is main- 
tained (alere) by peace. 14. This day will unite all loyal men 
with us. 15. The enthusiasm (plur.) of the freedmen was 
observed by the free-born citizens. 

1. A. 405: P>. 216: H. '468; H.-B. 406 1. 

2. A. 409; B. 218; H. 476; H.-B. 423. 

3. A. 413; B. 222; II. 473 1, 474; H.-B. 419, 420. 



C1CEE0 COMPOSITION 39 

LESSON XXIII 

(Chapters 9-11) 

1. The Genitive of Description 

The genitive accompanied by an adjective is sometimes used 
to describe a person or thing. 

Magnae virtutis erant, they were (men) of great ability. 

Aside from its use in expressions of measure this 
genitive is mainly limited to words modified by 
eius or by the adjectives magnus, maximus 
summus, and tantus. 

Consilium eius modi, a plan of this kind. 

2. The Ablative of Description 

The ablative with an adjective is also frequently used to 
describe a person or thing. 

Pompeius erat magna temperantia, Pompey ivas (a man) 
of great self-control. 

hi many instances there is no particular differ- 
ence between the use of the ablative and the 
genitive as thus employed. But phrases of 
measure are always expressed by the genitive 
and physical qualities most frequently by the 
ablative. 

Exercises 

1. Why did the senate honor the consul with decrees of this 
kind? 2. Cicero said that Marius was [a man] of undying 
fame (gloria). 3. The danger of many years will be warded 
off by the aid of loyal citizens. 4, If I had not been a man 
of great diligence I w T ould not have saved the state. 5. The 
victor returned from the province with his army. 6. A 
thanksgiving ought to be decreed to him (is) by whom the 



40 CICERO COMPOSITION 

state has been saved. 7. Since you have a consul who is brave 
you ought not to hesitate. 8. To defend the city at this time 
is [an undertaking] of great difficulty (toil). 9. You have 
decided today regarding the fortunes of all. 10. Defend the 
temples and homes of the city for one night. 11. We returned 
to Kome on April 9th. 12. Nothing can frustrate (fallere) 
my hope of saving the state. 13. Although I have refused 
honors (Insignia) of this sort, still the Roman people will 
always remember who saved the state. 14. If Scipio had not 
been a man of great courage he would not have compelled 
Hannibal to return to Africa. 

1. A. 345; B. 203; II. 440 3, 447; H.-B. 355. 

2. A. 415 ; B. 224 ; H. 473 2 ; H.-B. 443. 

LESSON XXIV 

THE MANILIAN LAW 

(Chapters 1-3) 

1. The Ablative of Comparison 

With an adjective or an adverb in the comparative degree 
the ablative may be used in the place of quam (than) and 
the nominative or accusative. 

Patria mea mihi carior vita est, my country is dearer to me 
than life. 

2. The Ablative of Degree of Difference 

Degree or measure of difference is expressed by the ablative. 
Paucis ante diebus, a few days ago (before by a few days). 

The most frequent use of this construction is in 
phrases of time with post or ante, and with the 
neuter singular of multus accompanying words 
which express or suggest comparison. 



CICEEO COMPOSITION 41 

Exercises 

1. What place is more pleasing than the Forum, which has 
always been open to me? 2. This war is more serious than 
all the wars which our ancestors waged. 3. The province will 
be defended much more easily (more easily by much) because 
our army is now in Asia. 4. A few years ago many Roman 
citizens in Asia were murdered. 5. A war of this kind is not 
more dangerous than peace. 6. We ought to send a com- 
mander who is much better prepared (more prepared) for 
this war. 7. Pompey, who is a man of unusual ability, will 
easily defend our allies and tributaries. 8. At that time the 
kingdom of Ariobarzanes was entirely (all) in the power of 
the enemy. 9. Murena was recalled to Eome before the king 
had been conquered (superdre). 10. The daily practice of 
speaking has brought me ability for public action (agere). 
11. For several years the Eoman people have contended with 
this king. 12. It will be much more difficult to wipe out that 
stain. 13. The king was not braver than our commanders. 
14. A man of the highest authority ought to be chosen. 

1. A. 406; B. 217; H. 471; H.-B. 416. 

2. A. 414 ; B. 223 ; H. 479 ; H.-B. 424. 

LESSON XXV 

(Chapters 4-6) 

1. The Ablative of Separation 

Words meaning to separate, deprive, relieve of, be free from, 
be in want of, and the like, take the ablative of separation, 
sometimes with a preposition and sometimes without. 

Magno me metu liberabis, you will free me from great fear. 

The verb careo, to lack, is followed by the abla- 
tive of separation without a preposition. 
Exercitus frumento caret, the army lacks grain. 



42 CICEEO COMPOSITION 

With libero, and words of similar meaning, the 
ablative of separation if referring to a person 
regularly has a preposition, 

2. The Ablative of Accordance 

The ablative, commonly without a preposition, is used to 
refer to that in accordance with which an act is done. 

Id volunt ate mea factum est, this was done in accordance 
with my wish. 

Sometimes the preposition ex or de is used. 

Exercises 

1. Cnaeus Pompey has by his superhuman wisdom freed 
us from the dangers of this war. 2. We shall defend the 
province both from disaster and from the fear of disaster. 
3. Mithridates at that time was deprived of (carere) part of 
his kingdom. 4. It will be disgraceful for you to be deprived 
of the glory of so great a realm. 5. The war in Asia and in 
Spain will be carried on in accordance with one plan. 6. In 
accordance with the customs of our ancestors we shall not per- 
mit this king to remain (be) unpunished. 7. The terror of 
our allies is much greater than their danger. 8. Was the 
army of Mithridates braver than the Roman army? 9. We 
ought to send a commander who is [a man] of great self- 
control and great kindness. 10. If we had sent a commander 
of this kind to Asia the attacks of the enemy would have 
been checked. 11. Many thousands of Roman citizens have 
been killed by the enemy. 12. This king tortured an am- 
bassador of the Roman people by flogging and chains. 13. 
We shall be deprived of honor if we do not defend these states. 
14. Pompey freed all our harbors from fear in a short time. 

1. A. 401, 402; B. 214; H. 461-465; H.-B. 408, 410. 

2. A. 418 a ; B. 220 3 ; H. 475 3 ; H.-B. 414. 

The Latin grammars will give details as to the use of prepositions in 
the sections to which reference is made. 



CICEEO COMPOSITION 43 

LESSON XXVI 

•.Chapters 7-9 "> 
1. The Ablative with utor. etc. 

The verbs utor. fruor. fungor. potior, and veseor. and their 
compounds, have their objects in the ablative. 

Quo usque abntere patientia nostra? how far will you ex- 
haust our patunee? 

2. The Ablative with digitus and indignus 

With the adjectives dignns and indignus a dependent noun 
or pronoun is in the ablative. 

Hoe erat els indignum. this was unworthy of them. 

3. The Ablative with nitor and iretus 

The verb nitor (also innitor] and the adjective fretus may 
take a dependent ablative. 

Non Insidiis nitebantur. they did not rely on ambuscades. 

Hoe polliceor nun humanis consiliis fretus, I do not promise 
this relying on human wisdom. 

Exercises 

1. We have used these revenues that we may defend the 
provinces. 2. You wish to benefit by (enjoy' the fortunes of 
these citizens who are engaged in business in Asia. 3. I have 
always performed my duty m ) in the perils of my 

friends. 4. Our army gained possession of several towns in 
the kingdom of Tigranes. -3. These honorable men are worthy 
of trust. 6. We have often sent to the provinces men who 
are unworthy of praise. 7. Our allies see the danger but they 
rely on your wisdom. S. On account of fear the leaders did 
not use the opportunity. 9. Relying on the resources | copiac ) 
of other kings Mithridates is again waging war. 10. Are not 
his shattered fortunes worthy of compassion ! 11. The Roman 



44 CICEMO COMPOSITION 

people would have been deprived of the Forum if the fleet 
had been defeated. 12. This very famous city was freed from 
the dangers of siege by Lucius Lucullus. 13. In accordance 
with your order part of the soldiers were dismissed by Lucul- 
lus. 14. Cicero said that our commander came into Pontus 
with an army. 

1. A. 410 ; B. 218 1 ; H. 477 ; H.-B. 429. 

2. A. 418 J) ; B. 226 2 ; H. 481 ; H.-B. 442. 

3. A. 431, a; B. 218 3 ; H. 476 3 ; H.-B. 438. 



LESSON XXVII 

(Chapters 10-12) 

1. The Ablative of Manner 

The ablative with cum is' used to express manner. But cum 
may be omitted if the noun is modified by an adjective. 

Magna cum curd (or magna curd) fines suos tuentur, they 
guard their territories with great care. 

Some ablatives of frequent occurrence, such as 
casu, iure, iniuria, vi, are used without a 
preposition even when not accompanied by an 
adjective. 

2. The Ablative of Attendant Circumstance 

The ablative is sometimes used to refer to a circumstance 
or situation attending an act or state. 

Minus facile earn rem imperio nostro consequi poterant, 
they could accomplish this less easily under our authority. 

Sometimes the idea of attendant circumstance is 
so closely related to that of manner as to make 
it of little consequence which name is used for 
a particidar example. 



CICEEO COMPOSITION 45 

3. The Ablative of Route 

The ablative without a preposition is used to refer to the 
route by which one travels. 

Hac via Ibimus, we will go by this route. 

Exercises 

1. All these things were accomplished by him with great 
speed. • 2. He waged wars in Spain and in Sicily with great 
courage. 3. At that time our armies crossed from Brundisium 
with great peril. 4. The two kings began to wage war with 
great prestige (auctoritds). 5. Envoys who were coming to 
us by sea from foreign nations were captured by the pirates. 
6. Cicero returned to Rome by the Appian Way. 7. In that 
war the Roman commander displayed (used) great knowledge 
of military affairs. 8. The state has always enjoyed his wis- 
dom, and his industry in action (gerund). 9. Has not Mith- 
ridates exhausted your patience? 10. Would that we had 
many brave men who were worthy of triumphs. 11. In dan- 
ger (plur.) we rely on the advice and authority of those who 
are free from (carere) fear. 12. In accordance with his cus- 
tom Pompey demanded hostages. 13. If w^e had kept the 
islands free from pirates they would not have been deserted. 

14. We have with great effort (toil) defended our own homes. 

15. Many wars have been brought to a conclusion by this man 
with great success (felicitds). 

1. A. 412 ; B. 220 ; H. 473 3 ; H.-B. 445. 

2. A. 412 ; B. 221 ; H. 473 3 ; H.-B. 422. 

3. A. 429 a ; B. 218 9 ; H. 476 ; H.-B. 426. 



46 CICERO COMPOSITION 

LESSON XXVIII 

(Chapters 13-15) 

1. The Genitive with Verbs of Remembering and Forgetting 

The verbs memini and reminiscor, remember, and obliviscor, 
forget, frequently have their objects in the genitive case. Bat 
if the object is a neuter pronoun or adjective it is always hi 
the accusative. 

Reminiscantur veteris incommodl, let them remember the 
disaster of long ago. 

2. The Genitive with Verbs of Accusing and Condemning 

Verbs of accusing, condemning, and acquitting may have a 
dependent genitive expressing the crime or fault charged. 
Proditionis aecusatus est, he was accused of treason. 

3. The Genitive of Indefinite Value 

The genitive may be used to express indefinite value or price. 
The construction occurs chiefly with the adjective forms magni, 
parvi, tanti, quanti, pluris, minoris, maximi, minimi, and the 
like. 

Hie homo tantl fuit, this man was of so much importance 
(value). 

Exercises 

1. Our allies will never forget the self-control and the affa- 
bility of this commander. 2. They remember the disasters 
which our armies have brought. 3. We remember the avarice 
of many who have been sent into those regions. 4. No one 
could accuse Cicero of eagerness for (of ) a province. 5. You 
seem to condemn these men for avarice. 6. The consul ac- 
cused many generals of pleasure-seeking (libido). 7. Men in 
these places have forgotten the splendor of our realm. 8. In 
war prestige is considered of great importance (value). 9. 



CICERO COMPOSITION 47 

They know with how great kindness (humanitds) our ancestors 
ruled those nations. 10. It will be worth the cost (it will be 
of so much value) provided the province has a strong guard. 
11. These cities have many statues and pictures which are 
worthy of our knowledge. 12. Centurionships will not be sold 
in the army of a commander who is free from avarice. 13. Do 
these men confess that they have used the money drawn from 
the treasury? 14. The enemy remember his compassion but 
fear his courage. 15. You forget the complaints regarding 
the injuries of others. 

1. A. 350 ; B. 205, 206 ; H. 454 ; H.-B. 350. 

2. A. 352 ; P>. 208 ; H. 456 ; H.-B. 342. 

3. A. 417 ; B. 203 3, 4 ; H. 448, 1 ; H.-B. 356. 

LESSON" XXIX 
(Chapters 16-18) 

1. The Genitive with interest and reiert 

The impersonal verbs interest and refert take the genitive 
to refer to the person concerned. In the place of the genitive 
of a personal pronoun, however, the ablative feminine singidar 
of the corresponding possessive adjective is used. 

Caesaris interest, it is of importance to Caesar. 

Med refert, it is of importance to me. 

The degree of concern may be expressed by an adverb, a 
neuter accusative, or a genitive of indefinite value. 

Magnopere rel publicae interest, it is of great importance to 
the state (concerns the state greatly). 

Midtum Ciceronis interest, it is of great importance to 
Cicero. 

Magni nostra interest, it is of great importance to us. 

The subject may be an infinitive with or without a subject 
accusative, a neuter pronoun, or an indirect question. 



48 CICEBO COMPOSITION 

2. The Genitive with Verbs of Emotion 

The impersonal verbs miseret, paenitet, piget, pudet, and 
taedet may have a dependent genitive to refer to the cause of 
the feeling expressed by the verb and an accusative to refer 
to the person affected. 

Numquam fact drum meorum me paenitebit, / shall never 
be sorry for my deeds (it will never repent me). 

Exercises 

1. It is of importance to the Roman people that his authority 
be increased. 2. What this man has accomplished (gerere) 
on land and sea will be of great importance to you. 3. If 
Hortensius had said this he would be ashamed of his words. 
4. The pirates will be sorry (repent) if our praetors are cap- 
tured. 5. I pity that state which cannot defend its own ports. 
6. In those times magistrates of the Roman people were not 
ashamed of the Forum. 7. It was of importance to the Ro- 
mans to hold the sea. 8. Cicero accused Mithridates of cruelty 
because he had killed many Roman citizens. 9. The Romans 
remembered the naval discipline of the Carthaginians whom 
their ancestors had defeated. 10. If we should not defend 
the sea coast we should not be worthy of power (imperium). 
11. Pompey is worthy to receive (Less. XIII, 2) the army from 
those who have it. 12. Our ancestors waged wars with 
unusual good fortune and their army was invincible (uncon- 
quered). 13. If you are brave you are not ashamed of the 
truth. 14. It is of importance to the province that Pompey 
be sent. 

1. A. 355; B. 211; H. 449; H.-B. 345. 

2. A. 354 b; B. 209; H. 457; H.-B. 352. 



CICEBO COMPOSITION 49 

LESSON XXX 

(Chapters 19-21) 

1. The Subjective Genitive 

With nouns expressing action a dependent genitive is often 
used to refer to the person by whom the act is done, 
Adventu Caesaris, by the coming of Caesar, 

2. The Objective Genitive 

With nouns and adjective expressing or implying action a 
dependent genitive is often used in a relation similar to that 
of the object of a verb. 

Amor patriae, love of country. 

3. The Genitive of Material 

The genitive is sometimes used to refer to the material of 
which a thing is composed or to the persons or objects making 
up a collective noun. 

Multitudo hominum, a multitude of men. 

Exercises 

1. Cicero said that he did not fear the veto of the tribune. 
2. Our allies place all hope of safety in Pompey. 3. Scipio, 
who destroyed Numantia, had an army of brave soldiers. 4. 
The memory of his uprightness has caused the allies (Less. VII, 
2) to demand him. 5. The edict of the consuls did not pre- 
vent me from saying this (Less. XI, 1). 6. Do you not see 
that a multitude of enemies threaten our allies? 7. It is of 
importance to the allies that the war be undertaken. 8. Hor- 
tensius said what he believed and he is not ashamed of his 
opinion. 9. Your ancestors did not pity those whose cities 
Scipio destroyed. 10. Gabinius, who wishes to be a legatus, 
has never been accused of baseness. 11. We have not for- 



50 CICERO COMPOSITION 

gotten the customs of our ancestors, but we are trying to suit 
new plans to new conditions (casus) of the times. 12. In my 
opinion, fellow citizens, the consul ought not to hesitate. 13. 
Relying on his own counsel he organized an army and waged 
war with the enemy. 14. This one young man performed 
(fungi) the duty of two consuls. 

1. A. 343 Note 1 ; B. 199 ; H. 440 1, 447 ; H.-B. 344. 

2. A. 348 ; B. 200 ; H. 440 2 ; H.-B. 354. 

3. A. 344 ; B. 197 ; H. 441 ; H.-B. 349. 

LESSON XXXI 

(Chapters 22-24) 

1. The Dative with Special Verbs 

Most verbs meaning to favor, please, trust, resist, and their 
opposites, also those meaning to believe, persuade, obey, serve, 
envy, threaten, pardon, and spare, govern the dative. 

Fratrl suo persuasit, he persuaded his brother. 

Opitulor and auxilior, both meaning to help, 
impero, command, and noceo, injure f also take 
the dative. 

2. The Passive Use of Verbs which Govern the Dative 

Verbs which in the active take only a dative are used im- 
personally in the passive. The dative is retained. 

Mihi persuasum est ut Irem, I was persuaded to go (it was 
persuaded to me). 

3. The Dative of Possession 

The possessor of a thing may be referred to in the dative, 
with the thing possessed in the nominative as the subject of 
a form of the verb sum. 

Mihi sunt duo fratres, I have two brothers. 



CICEEO COMPOSITION 51 

Exercises 

1. We favor Pompey because he is a man of great prestige. 
2. Why do not those leaders yield to (obey) the judgment of 
the whole Roman people? 3. The allies see why our com- 
mander did not resist the fleet of the enemy. 4. The dignity 
of Pompey is envied by those who dissent. 5. We have as 
authority Gaius Curio, a man of great ability and foresight. 
6. Because Pompey has a fleet the province will suffer no 
damage. 7. Our soldiers could not be persuaded to keep 
(cohibere) their hands from the king's (adj.) gold. 8. If we 
send an army of avaricious soldiers we shall suffer (be visited 
with) greater disgrace. 9. Quintus Catulus has often heard 
the complaints of our allies. 10. We did not send a fleet to 
Asia on account of a desire for (of) war. 11. It is of impor- 
tance to me to seek protection from (for) dangers. 12. Never, 
Gaius Manlius, will you be ashamed of this law. 13. The 
Roman people who are present with such (so great) enthu- 
siasm will not be sorry for their perseverance. 14. We have 
many provinces which must be defended. 15. Cicero per- 
suaded the Romans to choose Pompey. 

1. A. 367; B. 187 II a ; H. 426; H.-B. 362. 

2. A. 372 ; B. 187 II h ; H. 426 3 ; H.-B. 364 2. 

3. A. 373 ; B. 190 ; H. 430 ; H.-B. 374. 

LESSON XXXII 

ARCHIAS 

(Chapters 1-3) 

1. The Dative of Purpose 

The purpose which something fulfills or is intended to fulfill 
is often expressed by the dative. 

Duas legiones subsidio misit, he sent the two legions as re- 
enforcements. 



52 CICERO COMPOSITION 

2. The Dative of Reference 

The dative is often used to refer to a person likely to he 
affected favorably or unfavorably by an act, or with reference 
to whom an act is said to be done or a situation to exist. Occa- 
sionally this use of the dative is found with words referring 
to things. 

Yobls consulite, consult for yourselves. 

The dative of reference is often used together 
with the dative of purpose. 

Novissimis praesidio erant, they served as a guard for the 
rear. 

With forms of sum the dative of purpose is fre- 
quently translated like a predicate nominative. 

Auxilio eis fuit ? he was a help to them. 

3. The Dative of Separation 

Some verbs which express an idea of taking away are fol- 
lowed by- a dative instead of an ablative. 

Militi scutum detraxit, he snatched a shield from a soldier. 

This is really a dative of reference used to indi- 
cate the person affected by the act of taking 
away. 

Exercises 

1. This pursuit has always been a [source of] profit to me 
and to my friends. 2. Does it not seem strange to you that 
I use this style of speaking? 3. Many will confess that my 
voice has been a [means of] safety to them. 4. Although I 
am not a poet, the pursuits of culture have been a great 
advantage (usus) to me. 5. I ask that you consult for [the 
interests of] this very learned man. 6. Quintus Catulus, both 
father and son, favored Aulus Licinius because he was a poet. 
7. To me this man whom I am thus able to help has always 



CICEBO COMPOSITION 53 

been a leader in (ad) these pursuits. 8. You have a privilege 
which is suited to this defendant. 9. The jurors were per- 
suaded by Cicero to grant this privilege. 10. His coming was 
known to Marius, who was then consul. 11. At that time 
practice in (of) speaking was not neglected at Rome. 12. 
This art is a common bond for those who have devoted them- 
selves to the pursuits of culture. 13. The pursuits of culture 
were a [means of] training for Cicero and for many other 
Romans. 14. Do not take away (eripere) from us this com- 
mon bond. 15. Reputation for ability will never be taken 
away from you. 

1. A. 382; B. 191; H. 425, 3; H.-B. 360. 

2. A. 376; B. 188; H. 425, 4; H.-B. 366-368. 

3. A. 381; B. 18S 2 d) ; H. 427; H.-B. 371. 

LESSON XXXIII 

(Chapters 4-6) 

1. The Dative with Compounds 
Frequently with verbs compounded with ante, oh, prae, and 

sub, the noun or pronoun connected in sense ivith the preposi- 
tion is put in the dative. An accusative will also be used if 
required by the meaning of the verb. 

Bum exercitul praefecisti, you have placed him in command 
of the army. 

The dative may also be used in the same manner 
with compounds of ad and in when motion is 
not expressed, and occasionally with com- 
pounds of a few other prepositions. 

Finitimis bellum inferunt. they make tear on their neighbors. 

2. The Dative with Adjectives 

Many adjectives, such as those meaning agreeable, friendly, 
like, suitable, and their opposites, take the dative to refer to 



54 CICEHO COMPOSITION 

the object toward which the quality is directed or with refer- 
ence to which it is said to exist. 
Vobls accommodatus, suited to you. 

3. The Genitive with Adjectives 

The genitive may be used to modify adjectives of desire, 
knowledge, ignorance, skill, memory, fullness, power, sharing, 
and the like. 

Appetentes gloriae, desirous of glory. 

Similis takes sometimes the genitive, sometimes 
the dative. In Cicero it is used more fre- 
quently with the genitive. 

Exercises 

1. There are many who surpass (antecellere) this praetor 
in honesty. 2. Since you grant to others time for celebrating 
games, why should you censure me? 3. In the conduct of 
public affairs I have always set before me the examples of 
brave men. 4. These pursuits are suited to me because I 
relax my mind by them. 5. Do you not wish to be enrolled in 
a state which is like Heraclea? 6. If the Luculli had not 
been friendly to Archias they would not have received him 
into their home. 7. These books are full of precepts which 
seem to me wise. 8. If you were familiar with literature (not 
ablative) you would be delighted with this man. 9. Since he 
was desirous of the favor of Lucullus he was enrolled at 
Heraclea. 10. Although these pursuits have been a pleasure 
to me, they have never withdrawn me from my friends. 11. 
You wish to take away the right of citizenship from him be- 
cause he is a friend of Lucullus. 12. Metellus seems to me 
very conscientious because he was disturbed by the erasure 
of one name. 13. The records which you desire are not like 
the testimony of these men who have come for the sake of 



CICEEO COMPOSITION 55 

this trial. 14. Proofs will not be lacking to you if you ask 
(future). 

1. A. 370; B. 187 III; H. 429; H.-B. 376. 

2. A. 334 ; B. 192 ; H. 434 ; H.-B. 3G2. 

3. A. 349 ; B. 204 ; H. 450 ; H.-B. 354. 



LESSON XXXIV 

(Chapters 7-9) 
1. The Accusative of Exclamation 

The accusative is sometimes used in exclamations. 
fortunatam rem publicam, lucky state. 

2. Two Accusatives with Verbs of Naming, etc. 

Verbs of naming, calling, appointing, thinking, and the 
like, may have in addition to the direct object a second accusa- 
tive in predicate relation to the direct object. 

Hanc invidiam gloriam puto, / consider this unpopularity 
an honor. 

With the passive of these verbs the direct object 
becomes the subject and the predicate accusa- 
tive becomes a predicate nominative. 

Ipsorum lingua Celtae appellantur, in their own language 
they are called, Celts. 

3. The Adverbial Accusative 

The neuter accusative of some adjectives and the accusative 
of a few nouns may be used adverbially, chiefly to express the 
idea of degree. 

Ille imperator plurimum potest, that commander is very 
efficient (is powerful in the highest degree). 



56 CICEEO COMPOSITION 

Exercises 

1. surpassing skill, which won so much love from us all ! 

2. sacred name of poet, dishonored by no barbarian race! 

3. Cicero often calls Ennius a great poet. 4. Lucullus was 
called a distinguished man because he opened up Pontus and 
routed the forces of the enemy. 5. Do you think Laelius was 
aided in no respect by literature in (ad) the cultivation of 
virtue? 6. The Eoman people were very powerful in war, 
on land and sea. 7. Cato was called a learned man in those 
times. 8. Mithridates, who had made war on (helium inferre) 
us was defeated and his army was routed. 9. Fame will never 
be taken away from Homer, whose name has been sacred in 
every age. 10. That poet was dear to Scipio because he had 
honored with praise (plur.) the name of the Roman people. 
11. If you are familiar with the laws (Less. XXXIII, 3) you 
know that Archias is a citizen. 12. Natural ability (nature) 
without learning is of more avail than learning without nat- 
ural ability. 13. Africanus is called by Cicero a god-like man. 
14. I have often said that learning is (for) a solace and 
refuge for adversity. 

1. A. 397 d; B. 183 ; H. 421 ; H.-B. 399. 

2. A. 393 ; B. 177 ; H. 410 ; H.-B. 392. 

3. A 397 a; B. 185; H. 416 2; H.-B. 387 III. 

LESSON XXXV 

(Chapters 10-12) 
1. Correlatives 

A number of adjectives, pronouns, and conjunctions are 
often used cor relatively. Among the most important cor- 
relatives are the following: 

Cum . . . turn, not only . . . but also 

Tantus . . . quantus, as great . . . as 



CICEEO COMPOSITION 



57 



Talis . . . qualis, such . ,. . as 

Tot . . . quot, as many . . . as 

Totiens . . . quotiens, as often . . . as 

Eo . . . quo, to the place to which, as far as 

Alius . . . alius, one . . . another 

Alii ... alii, some . . . others 

Alter . . . alter, one . . . the other. 

Exercises 

1. We all know that this man has written not only Greek 
verses but also Latin verses. 2. The one was from Rudiae 
(adj.), the other was a Heraclean, sought by many states. 3. 
Pompey did not have as many writers of his deeds as [did] 
Alexander. 4. My love of glory is as great as you have said. 
5. This commander adorned the temples of the city as often 
as he w T aged war. 6. Would that w r e had such a commander 
as Scipio was. 7. Some scorn celebrity, others w T ish to be 
mentioned. 8. Our glory will penetrate as far as (to the 
place to which) our weapons have gone (pervenlre). 9. One 
was presented with citizenship, another was rejected. 10. 
These dangers are not so great as we have always thought. 

11. I achieved those things in my consulship not only for the 
safety of the city but also for the lives (sing.) of the citizens. 

12. the charm of glory. 13. Alexander called Achilles a 
fortunate young man. 14. Sulla was very powerful as a 
commander. 15. Fame w r as called by Cicero a great rew T ard 
of toils and dangers. 

X. A. 152, 323 g; B. 341 3, 140; H. 657 4; H.-B. 144, 564. 



58 CICERO COMPOSITION 

PART TWO 

LESSON I 
VERRES I 

(Chapter 1) 

1. Is not this belief dangerous to you and to the state? 2. 
A rich man cannot be condemned, can he? 3. Are you at- 
tempting to increase the unpopularity of this order? 4. The 
Roman people will not ask why this plunderer of the treasury 
has been brought to trial. 5. Did not the jurors decide con- 
scientiously? 6. Great wealth (plur.) cannot break down the 
sacredness of the courts, can it? 7. Do you know who has 
been a persecutor of the province of Sicily? 8. Have not 
many guilty [men] been acquitted? 9. We know why our 
prestige among foreign nations has not continued (remained). 
10. I do not understand why you cannot regain favor (return 
to favor) with the Roman people. 11. Am I able to accom- 
plish this, gentlemen of the jury? 12. Do you not see that 
the ill-repute (Infdmia) of the courts is dangerous to you and 
to the Roman people? 

LESSON II 

(Chapters 2, 3) 

1. When I had made his plans manifest, he took fright 
(feared). 2. Although the assembling of so great a throng 
does not disturb him, still he sees the danger. 3. Since he 
knows that I am prepared, he attempts to corrupt the court. 

4. Since he hopes [for] this, he despises the senatorial order. 

5. Although he is very bold, he will not be able to escape the 



CICEEO COMPOSITION 59 

force of the accusations. 6. When he attempted to do this, 
he was made defendant by me. 7. Did not Gaius Verres con- 
fess? 8. He has not deceived us in anything, has he? 9. The 
jurors easily saw what Verres hoped. 10. Was he able to buy 
other things so easily? 11. Although his eloquence is unusual, 
he will accomplish nothing. 12. When I was in Sicily, many 
embassies came to me. 13. Since you demand a shorter time, 
you place your hope in money. 



LESSON III 

(Chapters 4, 5) 

1. If you [shall] desert the army, I shall not defend you. 
' 2. If he should betray the consul, he would violate the sacred- 
ness of the lot. 3. If he should lose this fleet, he would bring 
the quaestor into unpopularity. 4. If this man is condemned, 
the province will be restored to its former (ancient) status. 
5. When Verres was praetor, he plundered the monuments of 
the kings and the temples of the gods. 6. Although the Sicil- 
ians are our allies and friends, they are tortured and killed 
like slaves (in modum servilem). 7. Since I do not wish to 
increase the misfortune of these men, I shall not mention all 
the outrages of Verres. 8. Have not honorable men been con-, 
demned without trial (ail. abs.)? 9. The provinces do not 
maintain (hold) their own laws, do they? 10. Do you w 7 ish to 
hear what the cause is? 11. If the children should hear his 
name, they would be frightened. 12. If I pass by the disgrace 
of his youth, I shall not seem to do so on account of money. 



60 C1CEEO COMPOSITION 

LESSON IV 
(Chapters 6, 7) 

1. If he had pretended that he was trusting in the protec- 
tion of eloquence, I should have contended (fought) in another 
manner. 2. If I were relying on the authority of celebrated 
men, I should be foolish. 3. If he had stood by the terms of 
his bargain, he would not have challenged the jurors. 4. If 
Hortensius is consul-elect, you cannot be convicted. 5. If I 
greeted Verres, I did not wish it to be mentioned. 6. If this 
were not shameful it would seem absurd. 7. If the jurors 
follow the opinion (existimatio) of the Roman people, Verres 
will be convicted. 8. If you should say this openly, it would 
be reported to Cicero at once. 9. Curio did not congratulate 
the consul elect, did he? 10. Although Hortensius is your' 
friend, still you will not be acquitted. 11. Since the jurors 
are honorable men, you have no hope. 12. Do you know who 
has been made consul? 



LESSON V 
(Chapters 8, 9) 

1. I speak thus that we may hold [control of] the courts. 
2. We shall send a boy to announce this to the praetor. 3. I 
dissembled in order to conceal my vexation of spirit longer. 
4. These men were called to the senator at night that I 
might not find it out. 5. A certain man came to forewarn 
me. 6. Cicero did this that he might have more power- 
ful friends. 7. If you had treated us generously, we should 
have promised this. 8. If the elections were not at hand, I 
should not be disturbed. 9. If the Sicilians are summoned by 
Hortensius, they will not come. 10. If the consul should 



CICEEO COMPOSITION 61 

threaten, these men would take fright. 11. If he does not 
dare to reply he is not a brave man. 12. Although the praetor 
is a friend of Verres, Cicero will not be silent regarding these 
things. 13. We came to you that we might not seem to be 
taking thought for ( consider e) our dignity rather than for 
our duty. 

LESSON VI 

(Chapters 10, 11) 

1. These witnesses are so timid that they are deterred by 
the authority of Metellus. 2. There were no jurors so upright 
that Verres did not try to corrupt them. 3. This praetor is 
so watchful that we cannot escape. 4. This man was so inno- 
cent that he did not know what he was doing. 5. Verres said 
this that you might seem to have been made consul by his help. 
6. You wish to drag out (ducere) the affair that Glabrio may 
not preside over the court. 7. Cicero used all lawful time in 
order to be better prepared (comp. of par at us). 8. If his 
friend had been made consul, you would not have accused him. 
9. If I had been prepared, the defendant would not have 
escaped. 10, Our danger would be great, if this juror should 
be retained. 11. If we have (shall have) upright jurors, I 
shall receive (capere) the reward of my industry. 12. Cicero 
was so watchful that the jury was not changed. 



LESSON VII 

(Chapters 12, 13) 

1. The Sicilians persuaded me (dative) to undertake this 
affair. 2. All urge that this man be condemned. 3. My in- 
dustry has caused the Roman people to see (brought it about 



62 CICEBO COMPOSITION 

that the Roman people see) the danger of the courts. 4. It 
happened that the praetor was a friend of Cicero. 5. Your 
greed is so great that it seems intolerable. 6. The grounds 
for suspicion (suspicions) are so slight that the defendant will 
not be condemned. 7. I have undertaken this affair in order 
that jou may make a test (trial) of my faithfulness. 8. We 
shall condemn him in order that the courts may not be trans- 
ferred to the equestrian order. 9. Verres sent agents to prom- 
ise money to the jurors. 10. I wish to be consul in order to 
have greater power. 11. If Marcus Metellus had been a juror, 
he would not have accepted money. 12. The Roman people 
demand that Septimius be brought (vocare) to trial. 13 r The 
danger to the senatorial order has caused me to mention 
(brought it about that I mention) this disgrace. 



LESSON VIII 
(Chapters 14-16) 

1. I feared that Verres would plunder the province. 2. Do 
not seek money only (adj.). 3. Many feared that this juror 
would not be rejected. 4. Do not, senators, scorn the wish of 
the whole people. 5. Foreign nations fear that we are all 
like Verres. 6. We urge you not to send this man to Sicily. 
7. It happened that ambassadors had been sent to the other 
provinces. 8. The case (thing) is so clear that he cannot be 
acquitted. 9. If the Roman people had not signified their 
wish, Pompey would not have restored the power of the tribu- 
nate (adjective). 10. If you should investigate all their un- 
dertakings you would see this. 11. We have convicted this 
man that the law might not be repealed (tollere). 12. The 
Roman people feared that Pompey would not restore this 
power. 13. Do not praise this court. 



CICEEO COMPOSITION 63 

LESSON IX 

(Chapters 17-18) 

1. Let us summon these unfortunate men. 2. Let us not 
set forth the whole charge. 3. May the praetor take up the 
cause of the courts and the senate. 4. Would that strict jur- 
ors had always been found. 5. Let us remind Glabrio that his 
father was a brave man. 6. "Would that your opinion were 
the same. 7. The suppliants feared that they would lose all 
their fortunes. 8. Do not resist the Roman people (dative), 

9. Verres' friends feared that the jury would not be changed. 

10. We hope that the jurors will be strict. 11. It happened 
that we did not have this power. 12. Would that we had 
offered witnesses. 13. May the lictors of the consul not influ- 
ence (move) you. 14. Would that we knew what has been 
said. 15. You have not promised this, have you? 16. Let us 
take care (provide) that this shall not happen. 

LESSON X 

VERRES II 

(V, Chapters 61, 62) 

1. Granted that Gavius is a Roman citizen, still I shall 
throw him into chains. 2. Shall I say this in the presence of 
the magistrate? 3. Granted that he has gone on board ship, 
he shall be dragged back. 4. Should wq praise the diligence 
of the magistrate by whom this fact (thing) was reported? 
5. Let us lead this man to the Mamertine magistrate. 6. 
Would that Verres had not come on that day. 7. Do not 
order the man to be bound. 8. Did the magistrate fear that 
Gavius was a Roman citizen? 9. When you had come into 
the forum you caused the cross to be prepared (brought it to 



64 CICEBO COMPOSITION 

pass that, etc.). 10. All the Roman citizens urged that the 
man should not be flogged. 11. We have kept this man that 
our good will toward you might seem greater. 12. Granted 
that this city is an abettor of your crimes, there are Roman 
citizens in Sicily. 13. Who would praise your crimes and 
outrages ? 

LESSON XI 

(Chapters 63, 64) 

1. The Porcian law did not prevent him from being beaten 
with rods in the forum of this city. 2. The praetor did not 
refuse to dismiss the court. 3. There is no doubt that he said 
that he was a Roman citizen. 4. There was no doubt that 
Cicero could produce witnesses. 5. I shall not refuse to ask 
for delay. 6. Roman citizens did not prevent you from bind- 
ing this man and applying (admovere) tortures. 7. Granted 
that he is unknown to you, he is not a spy. 8. Who would not 
be moved by the weeping of all these citizens? 9. Let us 
make all these things clear to the praetor. 10. Would that 
you had all been present then. 11. He did not fear that he 
would not obtain (gain) delay. 12. Do not neglect the other 
things which I have said. 13. It happened that many were 
then present. 14. You could not be hindered from crucifying 
(bringing to the cross) a Roman citizen. 15. There is no 
doubt that there were many spies in Sicily. 

LESSON XII 
(Chapters 65, 66) 

1. Why did you not keep (adservare) the man until I came? 
2. We restrained the man before this protection for citizens 
was taken away. 3. I was safe because I was known to the 



CICEEO COMPOSITION 65 

Roman magistrate. i. He named Raeeius because (he said) 
he knew him. 5. There was no doubt that this man was 
known to other Roman citizens. 6. Why did you restrain 
him from sending a letter? 7. The Mamertines waited until 
you should order Gavius to be bound. 8. Did he not die 
before he saw his native country? 9. You ordered the cross 
to be placed there because he said that he was a Roman citizen. 
10. Since he can see Italy, let him be satisfied. 11. Verres 
chose this place that all might see the monument of his crime. 
12. The Mamertines feared that you would deny this. 



LESSON XIII 
MARCELLUS 

(Chapters 1, 2) 

1. Marcus Marcellus is worthy to be restored to the state. 
2. There is no one whose authority is greater. 3. The deeds 
of these commanders are not worthy to be compared with 
yours. 4. Who is there who would pass by such unheard-of 
clemency in silence (silent) ? 5. You restored Marcellus be- 
fore he knew what the senate wished. 6. I was waiting until 
this should happen. 7. Cicero was not prevented from saying 
what he wished. 8. Who would not confess this? 9. Let us 
share these honors (laus) with the soldiers. 10. If you had 
helped us, you would have received a great reward. 11. I did 
not know who was your associate. 12. Do not mingle rashness 
with wisdom. 



66 CICERO COMPOSITION 

LESSON XIV 

(Chapters 3, 4) 

1. Your praises will be celebrated as if you had conquered 
countless nations. 2. Provided he restrains his wrath, he will 
increase his former dignity. 3. No age will ever be silent 
regarding your deeds, provided you lift up this fallen oppo- 
nent. 4. We are fired with enthusiasm as if we saw this man 
present. 5. There is no one whom I compare with you. 6. 
Your praises are worthy to be celebrated in our literature. 
7. Your justice put (adferre) an end to the war before we 
were all conquered. 8. Cicero thanked Caesar because he had 
restored dignity to the Marcelli. 9. He did not hesitate to 
compare Caesar with the greatest men. 10. The vanquished 
feared that they would be killed. 11. Your clemency is so 
great that all love you. 12. If you spare Marcellus, no age 
will be silent about your praiseworthy deeds (praises). 13. 
Provided you are our leader, we shall conquer. 14. You are 
increasing our authority as if we were unconquered. 



LESSON XV 

(Chapters 5, 6) 

1. We saw that those who had undertaken this war had 
been restored to the state. 2. I thought that Caesar would 
not reject their plea if they should ask for peace. 3. You 
knew that if he should conquer he would be angry at us. 4. 
Cicero said that Caesar had conquered his enemies; that he 
should rejoice in his success (fortune). 5. Provided that we 
are freed from blame, we shall not grieve that peace has been 
rejected. 6. You are supporting (following) this man as if 
his plan were obscure. 7. The citizens were angry at me be- 



CICERO COMPOSITION 67 

cause (they said) I had been the originator (auctor) of the 
war. 8. Your generosity was pleasing to us because the out- 
come of the war was uncertain. 9. Marcus Marcellus is 
worthy to be spared and restored to the country. 10. There 
is no one who does not fear the cruelty of victory. 11. We 
did not doubt that you would conquer in that war. 12. We 
knew that we should lose many citizens if we should dare to 
fight (dlmicare). 13. Certain persons said that these men 
would stir up civil war if we did not threaten them. 14. We 
know that many whom you have spared feared you. 



LESSON XVI 
(Chapters 7, 8) 

1. I believe you would not have restored safety to this man 
if he had been your enemy. 2. The leader said that if he had 
not increased his diligence he would have lost his life. 3. You 
know that if I lived for myself alone I should not say this. 
4. Such madness is not credible in those who have been spared 
by you. 5. He preferred the life of the man w^ho had saved 
him to his own. 6. We knew T that if you should hear this you 
would come to us. 7. Cicero said that he had lived long 
enough for glory. 8. Provided you are a philosopher, you 
will scorn death. 9. You say this as if you W'ere ignorant of 
these suspicions. 10. Caesar wished to live because he was 
laying the foundations of great achievements. 11. He healed 
the wounds of war before he established the courts. 12. I 
think he would have denied this if I had seen him. 13. We 
feared that this w^ould not come to your ears. 



68 CICEEO COMPOSITION 

LESSON XVII 

(Chapters 9-11) 

1. Pay to your country what you owe and we shall be con- 
tent. 2. Lay aside (ponere) the arms of war and free the 
minds of the citizens from anxiety. 3. While many were 
doubting what w T as best to be done, you saved the state. 4. 
Say what you think regarding me, for you are safe. 5. While 
we were urging the consul your brother came. 6. All said 
that Pompey would not have doubted what was best to be done 
if he had conquered. 7. He was angry at those who (he said) 
did not know what was to their advantage (of advantage to 
themselves). 8. Caesar thought that nothing would ever dim 
his fame (praises) if he should put out the conflagration of 
civil war. 9. We cannot hinder the leader from taking away 
the arms. 10. You live as if you enjoyed peace. 11. These 
soldiers fell in battle (acies) before they saw victory. 12. 
Many are not worthy to judge regarding you and your deeds 
(res gestae). 13. There is no one who would not wish Mar- 
cellus to be restored to the state. 14. Some are so ungrateful 
that they retain their arms. 

LESSON XVIII 
LIGARIUS 

(Chapters 1, 2) 

1. We have obtained pardon by confessing. 2. Caesar had 
come prepared to investigate the charge (for investigating, 
etc.). 3. We have not said this to obtain pardon. 4. Those 
who were in Africa were not prepared for waging a war. 
5. Surely Ligarius did not set out from Africa for the pur- 
pose of offending you (offending your feelings^. 6. He did 



CICEBO COMPOSITION 69 

not fear that he would offend you by withdrawing. 7. He- 
member that I have dared to confess this charge. 8. Since 
Varus is not in the province, seek (pi.) another leader. 9. He 
wished to return because he thought this was best. 10. Cicero 
said that we should not have heard this if it had not been 
investigated by the diligence of an enemy. 11. Is not Ligarius 
worthy to obtain pardon ? 12. Varus did not refuse to receive 
a province. 13. My friend w T ished to return before he should 
be entangled in this affair. 14. Do not betray yourself for 
the purpose of defending Ligarius. 15. Cicero said that he 
did not know where to turn. 16. If this were concealed, you 
would have no suspicion. 



LESSON XIX 

(Chapters 3, 4) 

1. This war ought not to have been undertaken by us against 
you. 2. Your sword, Tubero, ought to have been drawn in 
the battle (acies) of Pharsalia. 3. The man who accuses you 
ought to have a better cause than you. 4. We ought not to 
punish with death the man who is an exile. 5. Rewards ought 
not to be demanded by those who have killed Roman citizens. 
6. I ought to say this before the man by whom I have bjeen 
restored to the state. 7. You have come for the purpose of 
demanding a reward. 8. He wishes to be in his ow T n country 
for the sake of living with his brothers. 9. Caesar thought 
that these Greeks would not have waged war against him if 
they had not been compelled. 10. I thought that if I should 
send a letter to him he would grant me what (id quod) I 
desired. 11. If I were in Africa, he would complain. 12. 
The cruelty of the dictator ought to have been punished. 
13. You who were in arms ought not to demand that Caesar 
should condemn Ligarius. 



70 CICEIiO COMPOSITION 

LESSON XX 
(Chapters 5, 6) 

1. We now seek in the Forum what we sought at Caesar's 
house. 2. If Ligarius had been at Utica, he would not have 
borne arms against you. 3. If this had been a crime, Tubero, 
I should not have returned to Rome. 4. Are you unwilling 
to say that you were in Africa ? 5. Ligarius wishes to return 
to Italy because his brothers are in Italy. 6. Did you set out 
from Rome in order to go to Utica? 7. If you were in exile, 
you would wish to return home. 8. I do not doubt that he 
departed (discedere) from home because he feared death. 
9. You ought to be content with this punishment. 10. The 
clemency of Caesar ought not to be hindered by you who have 
been saved by Caesar. 11. We were not then desirous of aid- 
ing, but this error was not a crime. 12. You approve of clem- 
ency (accusative) as if you desired peace. 13. Caesar de- 
manded the punishment of the man who had been cruel. 14. 
Do you think that we should have borne arms if some fatal 
calamity had not seized our blinded minds? 



LESSON XXI 

(Chapters 7, 8) 

1. We set out from Rome on the 9th of November. 2. In 
that year I preferred to remain at home, but this was not 
granted. 3. The senate will appoint Tubero legatus in a few 
days if you are willing. 4. Ligarius, who had not been in 
the province many days, was not unfriendly to your cause. 
5. On the 10th of June we came home from Utica. 6. The 
Roman people waged war with this king for four years before 
he surrendered his arms. 7. You ought not to lay aside the 



CICERO COMPOSITION 71 

common cause to speak of yourself. 8. Africa ought not to 
have been seized before I came. 9. If you had consulted me 
you would have obeyed the senate. 10. If I were not hindered 
by illness you would not boast of these things (ail.), 11. If 
you should surrender the province to Caesar no one would 
criticize your plan. 12. I could not doubt what you were 
going to do. 13. Since many followed your authority, you 
ought to confess that the fault was yours. 14. When Tubero 
had been excluded from the province he came to Pompey. 



LESSON XXII 

(Chapters 9, 10) 

1. I know that this virtue has always been praised by 
Caesar. 2. This man did not come to Macedonia with Tubero. 

3. We can be turned aside from this course by no violence. 

4. If other things were equal we should not wish to conquer. 

5. I 'do not doubt that you condemn these men. 6. Cicero 
asked why Caesar should seem angry. 7. Varus was in the 
province at that time with military authority (imperium). 
8. These soldiers had been in Macedonia for five years. 9. 
Although he had come according to a decree of the senate, he 
wished to return home. 10. We must conquer or we must 
perish. 11. I do not say this for the purpose of replying. 
12. At that time, gentlemen of the jury, I certainly erred by 
remaining silent. 13. Since you have not been received by 
Varus, set out to Pompey. 14. You see that I would not have 
asked this if he had been your enemy. 15. I am not pleading 
this case as if you were a juror. 



72 CICERO COMPOSITION 

LESSON XXIII 
(Chapters 11, 12) 

1. You grant this because you are (a man) of great gener- 
osity. 2. All these brothers are of the same attitude of mind 
(voluntas). 3. They say that exile of many years is more 
desirable than home with their brother in exile (abl. abs.). 
4. Pleadings of this kind would not have weight with (apud) 
you if the cause were not just. 5. Are you not moved by the 
tears of those whom you see? 6. The sorrow of Titus Broc- 
chus and of the Sabines is seen by all. 7. All who are not 
with us are adversaries. 8. You do not know what will hap- 
pen on the 4th of March. 9. In saving my brother you have 
done a favor to me. 10. Do not banish from the state these 
three brothers, who are excellent (optimas) and upright men. 
11. Does anyone doubt that this day was very pleasing to the 
Roman people? 12. Have you given safety to this man for 
the purpose of drawing nearer to the gods? 13. Since you 
are (a man) of such (so great) compassion, the case does not 
demand a longer speech. 

LESSON XXIV 

PHILIPPIC IV 

(Chapters 1-3) 

1. Who is more famous in the state today than Gaius 
Caesar? 2. Nothing is more pleasing to us than this plan. 
3. A little while ago the senate decreed that there should be 
protection for (of) our safety and liberty. 4. Our legions 
are much braver than those brigands. 5. The madness of 
Antony is more cruel than the hatred of an enemy. 6. Al- 
though Antony is a man of distinguished name, he has been 



CICEBO COMPOSITION 73 

judged (to be) an enemy. 7. A kindness of this sort ought 
not to be scorned. 8. An army has been prepared by the con- 
sul and we do not fear the return of Antony. 9. This leader 
is now at Alba with the fourth legion. 10. The senate honored 
Gaius Caesar with the heartiest (greatest) praise because he 
had protected the state. 11. Hope of defending your liberty 
has never failed me (dative). 12. This favor has been granted 
us for the establishing of liberty. 13. "We feared that the 
legions which had been summoned would not leave you. 14. 
Who does not know that the legion w r ould not have left him 
if he had not been an enemy. 



LESSON XXV 

(Chapters 4-6) 

1. Are you not defending the liberty of the Romans against 
Antony? 2. In my opinion, fellow citizens, this man is a 
brigand, not a consul. 3. The province which did not receive 
him is not deprived of (does not lack) liberty. 4. In accord- 
ance with the customs of our ancestors the senate has praised 
the commander. 5. I do not dissent from the judgment of 
those who say that Catiline is an enemy. 6. Although we have 
conquered, we have not escaped (lacked) disgrace. 7. We all 
desire peace, but liberty is more pleasing than peace. 8. The 
soldiers are much more eager for the recovery of liberty be- 
cause they have seen his cruelty. 9. Since the senate is so 
united (of so great harmony), Antony will be crushed in a 
short time. 10. The forces which have been prepared by the 
new consuls will defeat this brigand. 11. The struggle is not 
with a commander who has a brave army. 12. By my toil 
and care I have brought about a situation of great harmony 
among the citizens (brought it about that there is a great 
harmony). 13. You who have an army will free (liberdre) 



74 CICEEO COMPOSITION 

the state from this monster. 14. If Antony were a man of 
great authority, he would not have lost these legions. 



LESSON XXVI 

SALLUST'S CATILINE 

(Chapters 5, 14-17) 

1. Catiline used all those arts which have been mentioned. 
2. From his youth he had enjoyed war and civil strife. 3. Al- 
though he was not worthy of friendship, he had about him 
many young men. 4. He was of an evil and vicious character, 
but he wished to gain (potlrl) royal power. 5. He relied on 
the soldiers of Sulla (adj.) because they had always desired 
war. 6. Aurelia Orestilla was not worthy of the love of a 
good man. 7. I can rely upon the young men who resort to 
my house. 8. Some who have lofty ambitions (alta cup ere) 
are free from blame. 9. According to his custom he spared 
neither expense nor decency. 10. If the state w r ere free from 
luxury and avarice, we should not fear war. 11. Some who 
were participants in (of) this plot were more cruel than 
Catiline. 12. They would have assembled a little more secretly 
if Pompey had been at Some. 13. Our ancestors did not fear 
crimes of this sort. 14. The senate did not think that Catiline 
was worthy of the consulship. 

LESSON XXVII 

(Chapters 20-23) 

1. These men to whom the nations pay tribute squander 
their wealth in every way (plur.). 2. Antonius, who was 
seeking the consulship with great expectations (hope), was an 
intimate friend of Catiline. 3. Fulvia told very boldly (with 



CICEBO COMPOSITION 75 

great boldness) the things which she had heard. 4. The con- 
sulship would have been bestowed upon Cicero with greater 
enthusiasm if all had heard this. 5. Do you not think that 
you are worthy of authority ? 6. Relying on their wealth they 
demand greater power. 7. Why do you not use the weapons 
which you have? 8. Let us enjoy the rewards of victory, 
since victory is in our grasp (hand). 9. The participants in 
the plan (gen.) wished to gain possession of Spain. 10. Cati- 
line could not free these men from poverty. 11. They did not 
all come to Catiline's house by the same way (via). 12. They 
all promised with great enthusiasm that they would be pre- 
pared. 13. Although you have pictures and statues at home, 
you wish to buy others. 14. I shall be commander or I shall 
be a soldier with you. 15. At that time their authority was 
less than their pride. 



LESSON XXVIII 

(Chapters 24-30) 

1. Cicero did not forget the plans of Catiline which Fulvia 
had betrayed. 2. The Roman people always remembered 
Cicero's consulship. 3. Catiline condemned many for cow- 
ardice. 4. Do you accuse a Roman knight of this crime? 
5. The colonists who remembered the despotism of Sulla were 
eager for a revolution. 6. Catiline thought that in many ways 
he could attract (join) to himself men of this class. 7. I have 
betrayed the plans of your enemy according to your wish, but 
I shall not use this money which you have given me. 8. Gaius 
Manlius, who is at Faesulae, will take up arms on November 
8th. 9. The magistrates will prevent the slaves from taking 
arms. 10. By what road did Manlius set out to Faesulae ? 
11. Fulvia had disclosed these plans to Cicero with great dan- 
ger to herself (suns). 12. Cicero could not forget the plots 



76 CICERO COMPOSITION 

which had been made by Catiline. 13. It will be worth the 
cost (it will be of so great value), provided you kill Cicero. 
14. Manlius was sent into Etruria to stir up the brigands 
(gerundive constr.). 15. This power was always considered 
of great importance. 



LESSON XXIX 

(Chapters 31-36) 

1. It is of importance to the city to have peace because we 
are not prepared to wage war. 2. Cicero was not ashamed of 
the oration which he had delivered. 3. It is of great impor- 
tance to you that the army be increased (infin.). 4. The 
women repented of their pride and their pleasures. 5. The 
senate thought that it was of importance to the state that the 
legions be enrolled. 6. Many whom we condemn for (of) 
pride are unhappy. 7. We shall never forget the massacre 
and the fires which they had planned (prepared). 8. Catiline 
thought it was best to set out to the camp of Manlius by the 
Aurelian Way. 9. He wished to approach the city with an 
army but could not. 10. I will not ask with suppliant voice 
that you believe this. 11. The plebeians seceded from the 
nobles (fathers) because their bodies were not safe from in- 
jury. 12. Pity the state in which men unworthy of honor 
have power and wealth. 13. Catiline said that he wished to 
avail himself of (use) the law. 14. Catulus did not believe 
that Catiline had set out to Marseilles. 



CICEJRO COMPOSITION 77 

LESSON XXX 

(Chapters 39-44) 

1. I have disclosed this conspiracy to you because I know 
your eagerness for (of) war. 2. In accordance with (ex) 
the instructions of Sanga, the Gauls promised aid. 3. Many 
feared that an attack of the enemy would be made at that 
time. 4. There was hope of much greater reward on the 
other side. 5. The Allobroges had hoped for the aid (accusa- 
tive) of the senate because they wished to free the state from 
debt. 6. A multitude of the lowest [class] had set out from 
the city. 7. Cethegus said that he would send a band of his 
associates to kill the consul. 8. Does not Umbrenus pity the 
Gauls who complained of (cle) the avarice of the magistrates ? 

9. It was of importance to the Allobroges to have the letters. 

10. We shall not aid Catiline and the others by hesitating. 11. 
Umbrenus was a suitable man to appeal to the Gauls. 12. 
Cethegus accused the others because they did not make an 
attack on the senate house. 13. Fear of danger had caused 
this man to be adjudged an enemy. 14. The hopes of the 
Allobroges were known to Umbrenus. 

LESSON XXXI 

(Chapters 45-50) 

1. Cicero had commanded the Allobroges to surrender 
themselves to the praetors. 2. Although Volturcius had fa- 
vored the conspiracy he disclosed everything. 3. When the 
Gauls had been arrested, many threatened Cicero. 4. Some 
(nonnulU) thought that this conspiracy pleased Caesar. 5. 
Ceparius had set out from home because he was anxious for 
(difflderc) his life. 6. We cannot persuade Cicero to accuse 
(name) Caesar falsely. 7. The praetors were commanded to 



78 CICERO COMPOSITION 

arrest the ambassadors. 8. Lentulus was favored because lie 
was praetor. 9. Catulus, who had a great deal of (grandis) 
money, was defeated by Caesar, a young man. 10. Lentulus 
had many freedmen and dependents. 11. The Komans had 
magistrates whom they called quaestors. 12. Sallust says that 
a band of Roman knights threatened Caesar. 13. What did 
the senate decide concerning the punishment of Lentulus and 
the others? 14. The flight of Ceparius w 7 as known to the 
magistrates. 15. A few days before, the Gauls had been at 
the house of Lentulus. 



LESSON XXXII 

(Chapter 51) 

1. Your friendship has always been an advantage to us. 2. 
The cruelty of the victors had been a [source of] grief to the 
citizens. 3. There will be no place for compassion if you 
prove (shall be) treacherous. 4. No one would have set a 
limit for the consul if he had drawn the sword. 5. "Will you 
take away life (anima) from citizens to whom the law per- 
mits exile. 6. Decimus Silanus wished to relieve the state of 
fear (take away fear for the state). 7. Surely our ancestors, 
who never did such things, had greater wisdom. 8. Let us 
consult for our own dignity and for the state. 9. We do not 
envy men who pass their lives in prominent positions (in 
excelso). 10. Do you fear that we shall forget the crimes 
of these men? 11. We all think these men are worthy of 
punishment and unworthy of compassion. 12. Other states 
were not envied by our ancestors. 13. The death of Catiline 
will be a [source of] joy to many good citizens. 14. There 
will be no danger, since the consul has an army at hand. 



CICEEO COMPOSITION 79 

LESSON XXXIII 
(Chapter 52) 

1. Many assented to the opinion of Caesar. 2. Inactivity 
will not stand in the way of (dbstare) your punishment, since 
we all see the danger. 3. Gabinius, Ceparius, and Statilius 
wish to make (Inferre) war on their country. 4. You are 
opposed to me because I complain of (de) your avarice. 5. 
The mind which is subservient to pleasure is not free. 6. I am 
not hostile to Lentulus but I do not trust him. 7. Cato was 
angry at those who spared the criminals. 8. If our ancestors 
had been desirous of wealth, they would not have made a 
great state from a small one. 9. You whose villas are full of 
statues and pictures do not consider your danger. 10. For- 
merly the Roman people were more familiar with war (not 
ablative) than with luxury. 11. I fear for myself and the 
state because Caesar says that he is not afraid. 12. Wealth 
is (for) a pleasure to you but in the greatest dangers it can- 
not save you. 13. Do you wish to take away our pleasures 
from us? 14. The state furnishes you luxury, while (al- 
though) others have poverty. 15. Since I have a large supply 
of weapons at home, I am not afraid. 

LESSON XXXIV 

(Chapters 53-57) 

1. famous family of the Cornelii ! 2. worthy end of 
such a life ! 3. The Romans called this place the Tullianum. 
4. No one ever called Cato timid. 5. Caesar was equal to Cato 
in rank (genus) and eloquence. 6. The camp was full of 
soldiers who did not have weapons of war (adj.). 7. Aiito- 
nius, who was consul, had been an ally of Catiline. 8. The 
generosity of Caesar was a refuge for many. 9. Sallust de- 



80 CICERO COMPOSITION 

scribed (aperlre) the character of Catiline as far as he could. 
10. Cato was very influential in the senate on account of his 
eloquence. 11. Relying on the resources of the citizens, I 
shall reject the slaves who have come to me. 12. If there had 
not been hope of plunder, these soldiers would not have come 
to the camp. 13. The consul thought that it was best to 
escort Lentulus to prison. 14. Lentulus was not worthy of 
the consular authority. 15. Petreius had given the associates 
of Catiline an opportunity for (of) fighting. 16. "When the 
conspiracy was disclosed at Rome, Catiline attempted to es- 
cape into Transalpine Gaul. 17. The associates of Catiline 
were called enemies of the state. 

LESSON XXXV 

(Chapters 58-61) 

1. You will find out that Catiline is not only a brave soldier 
but also a good general. 2. Your glory will be as great as 
your courage has always been. 3. Shall we fear such an army 
as Catiline has? 4. Manlius did not have as many soldiers 
as there were in the army of Antonius. 5. I shall send a 
legion to the place to which ,the enemy have set out. 6. Some 
recognized their enemies, others their kinsmen. 7. The one 
took position near the eagle, the other was in command 
(curare) on the left flank (part). 8. liberty, hope of 
glory ! 9. The soldiers of Catiline cannot be called cowardly. 
10. One had been a brigand, another a soldier. 11. The dan- 
ger which threatens (overhangs) you is very great. 12. Since 
the city is no longer safe for us, let us fight for our lives and 
our liberty. 13. These things have seemed to us not only 
shameful but intolerable. 14. The veterans, who were mind- 
ful of their many brave deeds, fought with great energy. 15. 
The soldiers did not spare their friends who were in the army 
of Catiline. 



CICEBO COMPOSITION 81 

COLLEGE ENTRANCE EXAMINATION PAPERS 

HARVARD, JUNE, 1911 

1. Translate into Latin 

When Caesar wished to keep the enemy from water, he sent 
certain soldiers to the river to drive them off (repellere), if 
they should attempt to descend from the hill. If he had not 
done this, he would not have been able to capture the town. 

2. Translate into Latin 

When the consul had called the senate together and was 
laying the whole matter before them, Catiline, (who was) a 
man of the greatest boldness, entered the senate-house (curia) 
with the rest of the senators ; and although he was aware that 
all knew that he had already made his plans for the war and 
that he was sending arms to his associates (socius) that every- 
thing might be ready when he arrived, still he dared to stay 
at Rome until he was driven into exile b}^ the consul. After 
the senators heard that he had gone to Manlius at Faesulae, 
they no longer feared that he would destroy the state. 

HARVARD, JUNE, 1912 

1. Translate into Latin 

Although the general had already captured the town by 
storm, he had lost so many soldiers that he ordered the lieu- 
tenant to lead three new cohorts to his camp. He declared 
that if these arrived before night, he should start at once for 
the place where the enemy's troops were encamped to engage 
them before they could find out that his forces had been 
strengthened (aageo). 



82 CICEBO COMPOSITION 

2. Translate into Latin 

After Caesar had been made permanent dictator, he had 
Anthony elected consul with himself, for he wished to seem to 
save the republic, not to overthrow it. Still many feared 
that if he dared, he would try to rule alone and would not 
consult the senate or allow the assemblies to be held. There- 
fore when he was murdered by Brutus and his associates, a 
large part of the citizens declared that those who murdered 
him had acted rightly. But Octavianus afterwards punished 
Brutus and the rest, killed many, and finally gained possession 
of the supreme power, so that the people regretted (paenitere) 
Caesar's murder. 



YALE, JUNE, 1911 

Latin Composition 

[Time allowed, forty-five minutes] 

Someone will inquire: "What? those preeminent men whose 
virtues are set-forth in literature [Lat. handed-on by letters] , 
were they instructed by that training [Lat. teaching] which 
you extol with praises?" It is difficult to assert this of 
<them> all, yet I have a definite answer to make. That 
there have been many men of high ability [Lat. mind] and 
worth who, without training, have of themselves, by reason 
of the almost divine character of nature herself, turned-out- 
to-be [Lat. stood-forth] men of self-control and weight, I 
admit. I also add this <fact>, that natural-ability [Lat. 
nature] without training has attained [Lat. availed for] praise 
and worth more often than training without natural-ability. 
And at-the-same-time I maintain this, that, when to con- 
spicuous natural-ability training has been added [Lat. has- 
moved-toward], then is that splendid and exceptional 



CICEEO COMPOSITION 83 

< result >, I know-not what <to call it> ? wont to stand- 
forth. 



Note. Words enclosed in < > are omitted in the Latin. 

YALE, JUNE, 1912 

Latin Composition 

[Time allowed, forty-five minutes] 

Moreover, what language can be found equal to the merit 
of Cn. Pompey? What is there that anyone can bring for- 
ward that is either worthy of him or new to you or unheard 
by anyone ? For those are not the only virtues of a com- ' 
mander which are commonly so called — exertion in difficulties, 
courage in dangers, energy in action, swiftness in accomplish- 
ing, wisdom in foreseeing; which [qualities] are as great in 
this one man as they were not in all the commanders whom 
we have either seen or heard of. Italy is a witness, which that 
victor L. Sulla himself admitted was freed by this man's 
valor and aid. 

PRINCETON, JUNE, 1911 

11. Composition B. — Translate into Latin 

After Catiline had fled, there were some at Rome who said 
he had been driven into exile by the consul. Would that this 
were true! But do you not know that he has set out for his 
camp in order to make war upon us? Yesterday, when the 
senate was convened, he did not fear to come to the temple 
of Jupiter Stat or as if he were a harmless and innocent citi- 
zen. I asked him what plans he had made and when he 
intended to set out to meet his companions. Since he sees that 



84 CICEEO COMPOSITION 

all is known, he has now decided to act openly, and unless we 
make preparations against him, he will come upon us unex- 
pectedly with his band of evil men. 



PRINCETON, JUNE, 1912 

11. Composition B. — Translate into Latin 

When Catiline and his accomplices left the city, Cicero 
knew that the republic was not yet free from all danger. He 
spent much time finding out what they were doing and how 
great forces they had collected. Finally he heard that they 
were trying to incite some of the Gallic tribes to join them 
in an attack upon Rome. If he had not caught the leaders 
of the conspiracy in the city, Catiline's plan would have suc- 
ceeded. Do not blame him for putting these evil-doers to 
death. They deserved to die, for they had intended to burn 
our homes and kill all who offered resistance. 



CORNELL, 1911 

Translate into Latin 

[Mark long vowels in what you write.] 

1. I fear that he will not be made leader. 

2. He was killed on the ground that he was a wicked citizen. 

3. Though that may be true, I will still prevent him from 
leaving the city. 

4. I should like to know whether you believe that these 
things will be done. 

5. I bid you not to estimate him more highly than you 
do me. . 

6. In the consulship of Pompey and Crassus Caesar first 
landed an army in Britain. A year later he set out a second 



CICERO COMPOSITION 85 

time for this island with five legions and a large number of 
cavalry. When he had disembarked his army and chosen a 
place suitable for a camp, he inquired from certain captives 
where the enemy were, and was informed that, terrified by 
the multitude of Roman ships which they had seen, they had 
withdrawn far from the coast. 



BRYN MAWR COLLEGE, 1912 

Translate into Latin 

Whenever the Romans had to traverse the Alps, the march 
was dangerous because of the hostility of the Gauls who 
inhabited that region. Caesar determined to conquer these 
tribes in order that a safe route might be opened through the 
mountains. To accomplish this he sent Servius Galba with 
one legion and a part of the cavalry to the Alps and ordered 
him to remain there all winter if necessary. At first Galba 
met with great success. The enemy were defeated in several 
engagements, their fortresses were stormed, and they were 
forced to make peace. But in the middle of the winter, when 
Galba had sent away many of his soldiers to gather supplies, 
the Gauls thought that they had a favorable opportunity to 
renew the war. From the hill surrounding the camp they 
made an attack with greatly superior numbers, and the 
Romans after a stout resistance were forced to withdraw into 
the province. 



VOCABULAEY 



abettor, adiutrix, -tricis, F. 

ability, facultas, -tatis, F. ; Inge- 
nium, -I, "N. 

able, be able, possum, posse, potuT. 

about, circum, prep, with ace, (con- 
cerning), de, prep, with abl. 

absurd, rldiculus, -a, -urn. 

accept, accipio, -cipere, -cepT, 
-ceptum. 

accomplish, conficio, -ficere, -feci, 
-tectum; perficio, -ficere, -feci, 
-fectum. 

accounts, new accounts, novae tabu- 
lae, novarum tabularum, F. pi. 

accusation, crimen, -inis, N. 

accuse, accuso, -are, -avT, -atum; 
condemno, -are, -avl, -atum. 

achieve, gero, -ere, gessT, gestum. 

achievement, opus, operis, N. 

Achilles, Achilles, -is, M. 

acquit, absolvo, -solvere, -solvl, 
-solutum. 

act, ago, -ere, egT, actum. 

add, adqulro, -qulrere, -quTsivT, 
-qulsitum. 

adopt, capid, -ere, cepi, captum. 

adorn, exornd, -are, -avl, -atum. 

advantage, usus, -us, M. 

be of advantage, expedio, -Ire, 
-Tv? or -il, -Itum. 

adversary, adversarius, -T, M. 

adversity, res adversae, rerum ad- 
versarum, F. pi. 

affability, facilitas, -tatis, F. 

affair, res, rel, F. ; negotium, -T, N. 

affect (pertain to), pertineo, -ere, 
-uT. 

Africa, Africa, -ae, F. 

Africanus, Africanus, -T, M. 

again, iterum, adv. 

against, in, contra, preps, with ace. 

age, aetas ? -tatis, F. 

agent, interpres, -pretis, M. and F. 

agrarians, agraril, -orum, M. pi. 



aid (noun), auxilium, -T, N. 

aid (verb), arliuvo, -iuvare, -iuvl, 

-iutum. 
Alba, Alba, -ae, F. 
Alexander, Alexander -dri, M. 
all, omnis, -e; totus, -a, -um. 

all things, omnia. 
allay, sedo, -are, -avl, -atum. 
Allobroges, Allobroges, -um,M. pi. 
allow, patior, patT, passus sum. 
ally, socius, -I, M. 
alone, solus, -a, -um. 
although, cum (with subjunctive); 

quamquam (with indicative). 
always, semper, adv. 
ambassador, legatus, -T, M. 
ancestors, maiores, -um, M. pi. 
ancient, antiquus, -a, -um. 
and, et; atque; ac; -que. 
and not, neque. 
angry, Iratus, -a, -um. 
announce, n tint id, -are, -avT, -atum. 
annul, toII5, tollere, sustull, sub- 

Iatum. 
another, alius, alia, aliud. 
answer, responded, -spondere, 

-spondl, -sponsum. 
Antonius, Antonius, -T, M. 
Antony, Antonius, -7, M. 
anxious, sollicitus, -a, -um. 

be anxious for, diffldo, -fldere, 

-fisus sum. 
any, anyone, anything, quisquam, 

quicquam; quis, quid; ullus, -a, 

-um. 
appeal, sollicito, -are, -avT, -atum. 
appease, placo, -are, -avT, -atum. 
Appian, Appius, -a, -um. 
appoint (as legatus), lego, -are, 

-avl, -atum. 
approach, accedo, -cedere, -cessT, 

-cessum; appropinquo, -are, -avl, 

-atum. 
approve, probo, -are, -avT, -atum. 
Archias, Arch i as, -ae, M. 



87 



88 



VOCABULARY 



Ariobarzanes, Ariobarzanes, -is, M. 
arms, arma, -brum, N. pi. 
army, exercitus, -us, M. 
arrest, comprehendo, -prehendere, 

-prehendT, -prehensum; deprehen- 

dd, -prehendere, -prehendT, -pre- 
hensum. 
arrive (at), pervenio, -venire, -venl, 

-ventum. 
art, ars, artis, F. 

as far... as, eo...quo; quantum. 
as many... as, tot...quot. 
as if, tamquam; quasi, conjunctions. 
ashamed, make ashamed, pudet, pu- 

dere, puduit or puditum est, 

(impersonal). 
Asia, Asia, -ae, F. 
ask, quaero, quaerere, quaesTvT, 

quaesltum; interrogo, -are, -avl, 

-atum; flagito, -are, -avl, -atum. 

postulo, -are, -avl, -atum. 
assassin, slcarius, -I, M. 
assemble, convenio, -venire, -venl, 

-ventum. 
assembling-, concursus, -us, M. 
assembly, public assembly, contio, 

-on is, F. 
assent, adnuo, -ere, -uT; adsentio, 

-sentlre, -sensl, -sensum. 
assign, descrlbo, -scrlbere, -scrips!, 

-scrlptum. 
associate, socius, -T, M. 
assure, eonfirmo, -are, -avl, -atum: 
at, in, prep, with abl. 
at the house of, ad, prep, with ace. 
at once, statim, adv. 
attack (verb), peto, -ere, -TvT, or -iT, 

-Itum. 
attempt (noun), cdnatus, -us, M. 
attempt (verb), Conor, conarl, co- 

natus sum. 
attain, adsequor, -sequl, -secutus 

sum; consequor, -sequl, -secutus 

sum. 
attitude, attitude of mind, voluntas, 

-tatis, F. 
attract, adiungo, -iungere, -iunxT, 

-iunctum. 
Aurelia, Aurelia, -ae, F. 
Aurelian, Aurelius, -a, -um. 



authority, auctoritas, -tatis, F. ; im- 
perium, -T, N. ; (a person) auctor, 
-oris, M. 

avail, avail one's self of, utor, -I, 
usus sum. 

avarice, avaritia, -ae, F. 

avaricious, cupidus, -a, -um. 

avenge, ulclscor, -I, ultus sum. 

avoid, vlto, -are, -avl, -atum. 



band, manus, -us, F. 

banish, extermino, -are, -avl, 

-atum. 
barbarian, barbarian nation, bar- 

baria, -ae, F. 
bargain, pactum, -I, N. 
baseness, turpitudo, -dinis, F. 
battle, line of battle, acies, -el, F. 
be, sum, esse, ful, futurus. 
^bear, fero, ferre, tull, latum, 
beat, caedo, -ere, cecldl, caesum. 
because, quod, cum, conj. 
before (conjunction), priusquam. 
before (preposition), ante, ivith ace. ; 

(in the presence of), apud, with 

ace. 
begin, coepl, coepisse, coeptum. 
belief, opinio, -onis, F. 
believe, sentio, -Ire, sensl, sensum; 

credo, -ere, eredidl, creditum. 
bestow, mando, -are, -avl, -atum. 
betray, indico, -are, -avl, -atum; 

prodo, -dere, -didl, -ditum. 
bind, deligo, -are, -avl, -atum; vin- 

cio, -Ire, vinxl, vinctum. 
blame, culpa, -ae, F. 
blinded, improvidus, -a, -um. 
boast, glorior, -an, gloriatus sum. 
body, corpus, -poris, N. 
bold, audax, audacis. 
bond, vinculum, -T, N. 
book, liber, librT, M. 
born, be born, nascor, nascl, natus 

sum. 
both. . .and, et. . .et. 
boy, puer, puerl, M. 
brave, fortis, -e. 
bravely, fortiter, adv. 
break (down), perfringd, -fringere 

-fregl, -fractum. 



VOCABULARY 



89 



brigand, latro, -onis, M. 
brigandage, latrocinium, -I, N. 
bring, fero, ferre, tull, latum; ad 

fero, adferre, attull, adlatum; ad 

duco, -ducere, -duxi, -ductum; 

bring in, induco, -ducere, -duxi 
-ductum; introduco, -ducere 
-duxi, -ductum; 

bring to, adfero, adferre, attulT 
adlatum; 

bring about, efficio, -ficere, -feci 
-fectum; 

bring to pass, perficio, -ficere ; 
feci, -fectum. 
Brocchus, Brocchus, -7, M. 
brother, frater, -tris, M. 
Brundisium, Brundisium, -T, N. 
build, aedifico, -are, -avl, -atum. 
building, aedificium, -T, N. 
burden, premo, -ere, press!, 

pressum. 
business, engage in business, ne- 

gotior, -arl, -atus sum. 
but, sed, conj. 
bury, emo, -ere, eml, emptum. 



Caesar, Caesar, -aris, M. 

calamity, calamitas, -tatis, F. 

call, appello, -are, -avl, -atum; vo- 

co, -are, -avl, -atum; 

call together, convoco, -are, -avl, 
-atum; 

call up, excito, -are, -avT, -atum. 
camp, castra, -drum, N. pi. 
can, am able, possum, posse, potuT. 
capture, capio, -ere, cepT, captum. 
care, cura, -ae, F. 
career, cursus, -us, M. 
carry on, gero, -ere, gessT, gestum. 
Carthaginians, Carthaginienses, 

-ium, M. pi. 
case, causa, -ae, F. 
Catiline, CatilTna, -ae, M. 
Cato, Cato, -onis, M. 
cause (noun), causa, -ae, F. 
cause (verb), efficio, -ficere, -feci. 

-fectum. 
cavalry, equitatus, -us, M. 
celebrate, celebro, -are, -avT, -atum. 



celebrated, nobiiis, -e. 
celebrity, praedicatio, -onis, F. 
censure, reprehendo, -prehendere, 

-prehendl, -prehensum. 
centurionship, centuriatus, -us. JS1. 
Ceparius, Ceparius, -T, M. 
certain, quldam, quaedam, quoddam 

or quiddam. 
Cethegus, Cethegus, -T, M. 
chain, vinculum, -7, N. 
challenge, reicio, -icere, -iecT, 

-iectum. 
change, muto, -are, -avl, -atum; 

commuto, -are, -avT, -atum. 
character, ingenium, -T, N.; mores, 

-um, M. pi. 
charge, (noun), crimen, -minis, N. 
charge (verb), Tnsimulo, -are, -avT, 

-atum. 
charm, dulcedo, -dinis, F. 
check, reprimo, -primere, -press?, 

-pressum; retardo, -are, -avl, 

-atum; prohibeo, -ere, -ul, -itum. 
children, ITberT, -orum, M. pi. 
choice, lectus, -a, -um. 
choose, deligo, -ligere, -leg!, 

-Iectum. 
Cicero, Cicero, -onis, M. 
citizen, clvis, -is, M. and F. 

private citizen, prlvatus, -!, M. 

fellow citizens, Qui rites, -ium, M. 
pi. 
citizenship, cfvitas, -tatis, F. 
city, urbs, urbis, F. 

in (of) the city (adjective), ur- 
banus, -a, -um. 
civil, civil is, -e. 
clashing, contentio, -onis, F. 
class, genus, generis, N. 
clear, perspicuus, -a, -um; planus, 

-a, -um; manifestus, -a, -um. 
clemency, dementia, -ae, F. 
clerk, scriba, -ae, M. 
coast, ora, -ae, F. 

sea ^coast, ora maritima, orae 
maritimae. 
cold, gelidus, -a, -um. 
colleague, collega, -ae, M. 
collect, conligo, -ligere, -legT, 

-Iectum. 
colonist, colonus, -I, M. 



90 



VOCABULARY 



come, venio, -Ire, veni, ventum. 
coming*, adventus, -us, M. 
commander, imperator, -oris, M. 
command, impero, -are, -avT, -atum. 
companion, comes, comitis, M. and 

F. 
compare, confero, -ferre, -tulT, 

-latum; comparo; -are, -avT, 

-atum. 
common, communis, -e. 
compassion, misericordia, -ae, F. 
compassionate, misericors, -cordis, 

adj. 
compel, cogo, -ere, coegT, coactum. 
complain, queror, querT, questus 

sum. 
complaint, querimonia, -ae, F. 
comrade, soda!is, -is, M. and F.; 

comes, -itis, M. and F. 
conceal, celo, -are, -avT, -atum. 

be concealed, lateo, -ere, -u!, 
concerning, de, prep, with abl. 
conclude (bring to a conclusion), 

conficio, -ficere, -feci, -tectum. 
condemn, damno, -are, -avT, -atum; 

condemno, -are, -avi, -atum. 
condition, casus, -us, M. 
conduct, administro, -are, -avT, 

-atum; gero, gerere, gessl, ges- 

tum. 
confess, fateor, faterl, fassus sum; 

confiteor, -titer!, -fessus sum. 
conflagration, incendmm, -T, N. 
congratulate, gratulor, -an, -atus 

sum. 
conquer, supero, -are, -avT, -atum; 

vinco, -ere, vlcl, victum. 
conscientious, sanctus, -a, -xxxn. 
conscientiously, religiose, adv. 
consider, habeo, -ere, -uT, -itum; 

conssdero, -are, -avT, -atum. 
consistently, constanter, adv. 
conspiracy, coniuratio, -onis, F. 
conspirator, coniuratus, -T, M. 
consul, consul, -is, M. 
consular, consularis, -e. 
consulship, consulatus, -us, M. 
consult (for the interest of), con- 

sulo, -ere, -uT, -turn, 
contend, pugno, -are, -avT, -atum. 
content, contentus, -a, -urn. 



convict, damno, -are, -avl, -atum; 

condemno, -are, -avT, -atum. 
Cornelii, CorneliT, -drum, M. pi. 
corrupt, corrumpo, -rumpere, -rupT, 

-ruptum. 
counsel, consilium, -7, N. 
countless, innumerabilis, -e. 
country, res publica, re! publicae, 
F.; 

native country, patria, -ae, F. 
courage, virtus, -tutis, F. 
course, Iter, itineris, N. 
court, judicium, -T, N.; consilium, 

-T, N. 
cowardice, Ignavia, -ae, F. 
cowardly, ignavus, -a, -um. 
credible, credibilis, -e. 
credit, fides, -el, F. 
crime, scelus, -eris, N. 
criminal, facinorosus, -T, M. ; sce- 

leratus, -T, M. 
criticize, reprehendo, -prehendere, 

-prehendi, -prehensum. 
cross, crux, crucis, F. 
cross, transmitto, -mittere, -mlsl, 

-missum. 
cruel, crudelis, -e. 
cruelty, crudelitas, -tatis, F. 
crush, opprimo, -primere, -press!, 

-pressum. 
cultivate, percipio, -cipere, -cepi, 

-ceptum. 
culture, humanitas, -tatis, F. 
Curio, Curio, -onis, M. 
Curius, Curius, -!, M. 
custody, custodia, -ae, F. 
custom, mos, mdris, M. 



daily (adj.), cotldianus, -a, -um. 

damage, detnmentum, -!, N. 

danger, penculum, -!, N. 

dangerous, penculosus, -a, -um. 

dare, audeo, -ere, ausus sum. 

daughter, f!lia, -ae, F. 

day, dies, -el, M. and F. 

dear, cams, -a, -um. 

death, mors, mortis, F. 

debt, aes alienum, aeris alien!, N. 

deceive, fallo, -ere, fefell!, falsum. 



VOCABULARY 



91 



decency, modestia, -ae, F. 

decide, iudicd, -are, -avT, -atum; 

decernd, -cernere, -crevl, -cre- 
tum. 

decide on, cdnstitud, -stituere, 
-stituT, -stitutum. 
Decimus, Decimus, -7, M. 
decree (noun), consultum, -I, N. ; 

decretum, -T, N. 
decree (verb), decernd, -cernere, 

-crevi, -cretum. 
deed, factum, -T, N. 

deeds, res gestae, F. pi. 
defeat, vincd, -ere, vIcT, victum; 

superd, -are, -avT, -atum. 
defend, defendd, -fendere, -fendT, 

-fensum. 
defendant, reus, -T, M. 
delay, mora, -ae, F. 
delight, delectd, -are, -avT, -atum. 
deliver (a speech), habed, -ere, -uT, 

-itum. 
demand, postuid, -are, -avT, -atum; 

imperd, -are, -avT, -atum. 
deny, nego, -are, -avT, -atum. 
depart, discedd, -cedere, -cessT, 

-cessum. 
departure, discessus, -us, M. 
dependent, cliens, clientis, M. 
deprive, be deprived of, cared, -ere, 

-uT, -itum. 
describe, aperio, -Ire, -uT, -turn. 
desert, desero, -ere, -uT, -turn. 
desirable, optatus, -a, -um. 
desire, cupiditas, -tatis, F. 
desire, cupio, ere, cuplvl or cupiT, 

cupTtum; desTdero, -are, -avi, 

-atum; concuplsco, -cuplscere, 

-cuplvl, -cupltum; exopto, -are, 

-avT, -atum. 
desirous, avidus, -a, -um; cupidus, 

-a, -um. 
desperate, perditus, -a, -um. 
despise, contemno, -temnere, 

-tempsl, -temptum. 
despotism, dominatio, -onis, F. 
destroy, deled, -ere, -evl, -etum. 
destruction, interitus, -us, M. ; per- 

nicies, -el, F. 
deter, deterred, -terrere, -terruT, 

-territum. 



devastation, vactitas, -tatis, F. 

dictator, dictator, -toris, M. 

die, morior, morT or morirl, mor- 

tuus sum. 
difficult, difficilis, -e. 
dignity, dignitas, -tatis, F. 
diligence, diligentia, -ae, F. 
dim, obscuro, -are, -avT, -atum. 
disappoint, fallo, -ere, fefelli, fal- 

sum. 
disaster, calamitas, -tatis, F. 
discipline, discipllna, -ae, F. 
disclose, patefacio, -facere, -feci, 

-factum; expono, -ponere, -posul, 

-positum; enuntio, -are, -avT, 

-atum; aperio, -Ire, -uT, -turn. 
discover, invenio, -venire, -venT, 

ventum. 
disgrace, ignominia, -ae, F. 
disgraceful, turpis, -e. 
dishonor, violo, -are, -avT, -atum. 
disloyal, improbus, -a, -um. 
dismiss, dlmitto, -mittere, -misT, 

-missum. 
display (use), utor, -T, usus sum. 
disregard, neglego, -legere, -lexT, 

-lectum. 
dissemble, dissimulo, -are, -avT, 

-atum. 
dissent, dissentio, -sentlre, -sens?, 

-sensum. 
distinguished, clarus, -a, -um. 
distress, doior, -oris, M. 
disturb (move), moved, -ere, mdvT, 

mdtum; commoved, -movere, 

-mdvT, -mdtum; soilicito, -are, 

-avT, -atum. 
do, facid, -ere, feci, factum, 
doubt, dubitd, -are, -avi, -atum. 
doubtful, dubius, -a, -um. 
drag out, ducd, -ere, duxl, ductum. 

drag back, retrahd, -t rah ere, 
-traxT, -tractum. 
draw, educd, -ducere, -duxl, -duc- 
tum; destringd, -stringere, 
-strTnxT, -strictum; deprdmd, 
-prdmere, -prdmpsi, -prdmp- 
tum. 

draw near, accddd, -cedere, -cessT, 
-cessum. 
drink, bibd, -ere, bibT. 



92 



VOCABULARY 



drive from, eicio, -icere, -iecl, -iec- 

tum; expello, -pellere, -pull, -pul- 

sum. 
due, be due, passive of debeo, -ere, 

-ul, -itum. 
duty, officium, -T, N.; munus, mu- 

neris, N. 



eager, ardens, ardentis. 

eagerness, cupiditas, -tatls, F. ; 

studium, -I, N. 
eagle, aquila, -ae, F. 
ear, auris, -is, F. 
easily, facile, adv. 
edict, edictum, -T, N. 
effort (toil), labor, laboris, M. 
elect, designatus, -a, -um. 
election, comitia, -orum, N. pi. 
eloquence, eloquentia, -ae, F. 
embassador, legatus, -T, M. 
embassy, legatio, -onis, F. 
empire, imperium, -T, N. 
employ, usurpo, -are, -avl, -atum. 
end, exitium, -T, N. 
endless, perpetuus, -a, -um. 
endure, perfero, -ferre, -tulT, 

-latum. 
enemy, an enemy of one's country, 
hostis, -is, M. and F. 

a personal enemy, inimlcus, -T, 
M. 
energy, vis, vis, F. 
enjoy, fruor, frul, fructus sum; per- 

fruor, -frul, -fructus sum. 
enjoyment, fructus, -us, M. 
Ennius, Ennius, -T, M. 
enormity, immanitas, -tatis, F. 
enough, satis, adv. 
enroll, adscrlbo, -scrlbere, -scrips!, 

-scriptum; scribo, scrlbere, 

scrips!, scriptum. 
entangle, implied, -are, -avl, -atum. 
enthusiasm, studium, -I, N. 
entrust, credo, -ere, credidl, credi- 

tum. 
envoy, legatus, -I, M. 
envy, invideo, -videre, -vldl, -visum. 
equal, par, paris. 
equestrian, equester, -tris, -tre. 
erasure, litura, -ae, F. 



err, errd, -are, -avl, -atum. 

error, error, -roris, M. 

escape, effugio, -fugere, -fugl; sub- 

terfugio, -fugere, -fugl; perfugio, 

-fugere, -fugl; elabor, elabl, elap- 

sus sum. 
escort, prosequor, -sequl, -secutus 

sum; deduco, -ducere, -duxl, 

-ductum. 
establish, constituo, -stituere, 

-stitul, -stitutum. 
estate, praedium, -I, N. 
Etruria, Etruria, -ae, F. 
even, etiam, conj. and, adv. 
everlasting, aeternus, -a, -um. 
every, omnis, -e. 
evil, malus, -a, -um. 
example, exemplum, -I, N. 
excellent, optimus, -a, -um. 
exclude, excludo, -cludere, -clusT, 

-clusum. 
ex-consul, consularis, -is, M. 
exhaust, abutor, -utl, -usus sum. 
exile, exsilium, -I, N. 

be an exile, exsulo, -are, -avl, 
-atum. 
expect, exspecto, -are, -avl, -atum. 
expense, sumptus, -us, M. 
extol, effero, -ferre, extull, elatum. 
exult, exsulto, -are, -avl, -atum. 



Faesulae, Faesulae, -arum, F., pi. 

fail, desum, -esse, -ful. 

faithfulness, fides, -el, F. 

fall, cado, -ere, cecidl, casum. 

fallen, iacens, -centis. 

falsely, falso, adv. 

fame, gloria, -ae, F. ; fama, -ae, F.; 

laus, laudis, F. 
familiar, perltus, -a, -um. 
family, familia, -ae, F. ; gens, gen- 

tis, F. 
famous, clarus, -a, -um. 
fatal, fatalis, -e. 
fated, fatalis, -e. 
father, pater, patris, M. 
favor (noun), gratia, -ae, F. ; bene- 

ficium, -I, N. 
favor (verb), faveo, -ere, favl, 

fautum. 



VOCABULARY 



93 



fear (noun), timor, -oris, M.; metus, 

-us, M. 
fear (verb), metuo, -ere, metul; 

vereor, -erl, veritus sum; timed, 

-ere, -uT; pertimesco, -timescere, 

-timul. 
fellow-citizens, Quirltes, -ium, M., 

pi. 
few, paucl, -ae, -a. 
fight (noun), pugna, -ae, F. 
fight (verb), pug no, -are, avl, 

-atum; dlmico, -are, -avl, -atum. 
find, reperio, -Ire, repperl, repertum. 

find out, comperio, -Ire, comperl, 
compertum. 
fire, incendium, -T, N. ; ignis, -is, M. 

with fire and sword (slaughter), 
caede et incendils. 

set on fire, incend5, -cendere, 
-cendl, -censum. 
first, primus, -a, -um. 
flank, pars, partis, F. 
flee, fugio, -ere, fugl, fugitum; pro- 

fugio, -fugere, -fugT. 
fleet, classis, -is, F. 
flight, fuga, -ae, F. 
flog, verbero, -are, -avl, -atum. 
flogging (verber), verberis, N. 

(usually plur.). 
follow, sequor, -T, secutus sum. 
fond, studiosus, -a, -um. 
foolish, stultus, -a, um; amens, 

amentis. 
for, pro, prep, with abl. 
force, vis, vis, F. 
forces, copiae, -arum, F., pi. 
foreign, externus, -a, -um. 
foresee, provided, -videre, -vidT, 

-visum, 
foresight, prudentia, -ae, F.. 
forewarn, praemoneo, -ere, -uT, 

-itum. 
forget, obllvTscor, -T, oblltus, sum. 
former, prlstinus, -a, -um. 
formerly, 61 im, adv. 
fortunate, fortunatus, -a, -um. 
fortune, good fortune, fortuna, -ae, 

F. 
forum, forum, -T, N. 
found, condo, -dere, -did!, -ditum. 
foundation, fundamentum, -T, N. 



four, quattuor (indeclinable num). 
fourth, quartus, -a, -um. 
free (adjective), liber, libera, 

llberum. 
free from, vacuus, -a, -um. 
free (verb), llbero, -are, -avl, -atum. 
free-born, ingenuus, -a, -um. 
free-born citizens, ingenul, -drum, 

M., pi. 
freedman, llbertlnus, -I, M. 
friend, amicus, -T, M. 

intimate friend, familiaris, -is, 

M. and F. 
friendly, amicus, -a, -um. 
friendship, amlcitia, -ae, F. 
from, a, ab; e, ex; de, preps, with 

abl. 
full, plenus, -a, -um. 
full grown, adultus, -a, -um. 
Fulvia, Fulvia, ae, F. 
Fulvius, Fulvius, -I, M. 
furnish, praebeo, -ere, -ul, -itum. 



Gabinius, Gablnius, -I, M. 

gain, percipio, -ere, -cepl, -ceptum; 

potior, potlrl, potltus sum. 
Gaius, Gaius, -I, M. 
game, ludus, -I, M. 
gate, porta, -ae, F. 
gather, conligo, -ligere, -legl, -lec- 

tum. 
Gaul, a Gaul, Gallus, -I, M. 
Gavius, Gavius, -!, M. 
generosity, llberalitas, -tatis, F. ; 

munificentia, -ae, F. 
generously, liberal iter, adv. 
gentlemen of the senate, patres 

conscrlptl. 
gentlemen of the jury, iudices, -um, 

M., pi. 
give, do, dare, dedl, datum. 
Glabrio, Glabrio, -onis, M. 
gladiator, gladiator, -toris, M. 
glory, gloria, -ae, F. 
Glaucia, Glaucia, -ae, M. 
go, eo, Ire, IvT, or il, itum. 

go on board (a ship), ingredior, 
ingredl, ingressus sum. 
god, deus, -I, M. 
god-like, dlvlnus, -a, -um. 



94 



VOCABULAEY 



gold, aurum, -?, N. 

good, bonus, -a, -um. 

good-will, benevolentia, -ae, F. 

Gracchus, Gracchus, -I, M. 

grant, concede, -cedere, -cess!, 

-cessum; do, dare, dedT, datum. 
grasp, manus, -us, F. 
gravely, vehernenter, adv. 
great, magnus, -a, -um; ingens, 
ingentis. 

so great, tantus, -a, -um. 

as great, ...as, tantus. . .quantus. 

greatest, summus, -a, -um. 
greed, cupiditas, -tatis, F. 
Greek, Graecus, -a, -um. 

a Greek, Graecus, -T, M. 
greet, saluto, -are, -avl, -atum; 

appello, -are, -avl, -atum. 
grief, Suctus, -us, M. 
grieve, doleo, -ere, -ul, -itum. 
groundless, falsus, -a, -um. 
guards, custodiae, -arum, F., pi. 
guilty, nocens, -centis. 



hand, manus, -us, F. ; to lay vio- 
lent hands on, vim et manus in- 
fer re. 

hand, be at hand, Tnsto, -stare, 
-stitl, -staturus. 

Hannibal, Hannibal, -balis, M. 

happen, flo, fieri, factus sum. 
it happens, accidit, accidere, acci- 
dit; contingit, contingere, con- 
tigit. 

harbor, portus, -us, M. 

harmony, concordia, -ae, F. 

hatred, odium, -T, N. 

have, habeo, -ere, -uT, -itum. 

hear, audio, -Ire, -IvI, -Itum. 

hearty, magnus, -a, -um. 

help, auxilium, -T, N. 

help, opitulor, -an, -atus sum (takes 
dative); iuvd, -are, iuvl, iutum 
(takes accusative). 

Heraclea, Heracila, -ae, F. 

here, hie, adv. 

hesitate, dubito, -are, -avl, -atum. 

high, altus, -a, -um; superus, -a, 
um. 

himself, reflexive, sul, sibi, se. 



hinder, impedio, -Ire, -IvI or -if, 

-Itum; deterreo, -terrere, -terrul, 

-territum. 
his (reflexive), suus, -a, -um. 
hold, teneo, -ere, -u\ f -turn. 
home, domus, -us, (-1), F.; tectum, 

-I, N. 
Homer, Homerus, -I, M. 
honesty, fides, -el, F. 
honor (noun), honor, honoris, M. ; 

Insigne, -is, N. ; laus, laudis, F. 
honor (verb), honesto, -are, -avl, 

-atum; orno, -are, -avl, -atum. 
honorable, honestus, -a, -um. 
honorably, honeste, adv. 
hope (noun), spes, spel, F. 
hope (verb), spero, -are, -avl, 

-atum; opto, -are, -avl, -atum. 
Hortensius, Hortensius, -I, M. 
hostage, obses, obsidis, M. and F. 
hostile, Infestus, -a, -um. 
hostility, inimlcitia, -ae, F. 
house, tectum, -I, N. ; aedes, 
aedium, F., pi. 

at the house of, ad, prep, with ace. 
how long, quam diu. 
husband, vir, virl, M. 



I, ego, mel. 

Ides, Idus, -uum, F., pi. 
if, si, conj. 
if not, nisi, conj. 
ignorant, ignarus, -a, -um. 
ill-repute, Infamia, -ae, F. 
illness, morbus, -I, M. 
immortal, immortalis, -e. 
impend, impended, -ere. 
importance, of great importance, 
magnl (genitive). 

it is of importance, interest, in- 
teresse, interfuit. 
inactivity, inertia, -ae, F. 
incite, sollicito, -are, -avl, -atum. 
increase (transitive), amplified, -are, 

-avl, -atum; augeo, augere, auxl, 

auctum. 
increase (intransitive), cresco, cre- 

scere, crevl, cretum. 
incredible, incredibilis, -e. 



VOCABULARY 



95 



industry, dTligentia, -ae, F. ; indus- 

tria, -ae, F. 
infatuated, mente captus, (-a, -urn). 
influential, to be influential, mul- 

tum posse. 
inform, certiorem (-es) facere. 
injure (annoy), vexo, -are, -avl, 

-atum. 
injury, injuria, -ae, F. 
innocent, innocens, -centis. 
insolently, Tnsolenter, adv. 
instruction, praeceptum, -T, N. 
intolerable, intolerabilis, -e. 
investigate, investlgo, -are, -avl, 

-atum. 
invincible, invictus, -a, -um. 
island, Insula, -ae, F. 
Italy, Italia, -ae, F. 



jaws, fauces, -ium, F., pi. 

joy, laetitia, -ae, F. 

judge, iudico, -are, -avl, -atum. 

judgment, judicium, -T, N. 

June, of June (adjective), lunius, -a, 

-um. 
Jupiter, luppiter, lovis, M. 
juror, iudex, iudicis, M. 
jury, judicium, -T, N. 
just, Justus, -a, -um. 
justly, jure (able, of ius). 



Kalends, Kalendae, -arum, F., pi. 

keep, teneo, -ere, -uT, -turn,* ad- 
servo, -are, -avl, -atum. 
keep away, arceo, arcere, arcuT. 
keep out, repello, repellere, rep- 
pulT, repulsum. 

kill, interficid, -ficere, -feci, -tec- 
tum; occTdo, -cTdere, -cldl, -cT- 
sum; need, -are, -avl, -atum. 

kind, genus, generis, N. ; modus, -T, 
M. 

kindness, humanitas, -tatis, F.; 
beneficium, -T, N. 

king, rex, regis, M. 

kingdom, regnum, -T, N. 

kinsman, cognatus, -T, M. 

knight, eques, equitis, M. 



know, intellego, -legere, -lexT, -lec- 
tum; scio, -Ire, -IvT, -Ttum; nosco, 
-ere, novT, notum^ cognosco, 
-noscere, -novT, -nitum; sentio, 
-Ire, sens!, sensum. 
not know, nescio, -Tre, -IvT; ig- 
noro, -are, -avl, -atum. 

knowledge, scientia, -ae, F.; cog- 
nitio, -onis, F. 

known, notus, -a, -um. 



lack, be lacking, desum, -esse, -fuT. 

(be deprived of), careo, -ere, -ul, 
-iturus. 
Laelius, Laellus, -T, M. 
land, terra, -ae, F.; ager, agrl, M. 
Latin, LatTnus, -a, -um. 
law, lex, leg is, F. 
lawful, legitimus, -a, -um. 
lay, defero, -ferre, -tull, -latum. 

lay aside, pono, -ere, posul, posi- 
tum; omitto, -ere, omlsT, omis- 
sum. 

lay upon, Tnferd, -ferre, -tull, 
latum, 
lay waste, vasto, -are, -avT, -atum. 
lead, duco, ducere, duxl, ductum; 

deduco, -ducere, -duxl, -ductum. 

lead out, educo, -ducere, -duxl, 
-ductum. 
leader (prominent man), prTnceps, 

pnncipis, M.; dux, ducis, M. 
learned, erudltus, -a, -um; doctus, 

-a, -um. 
learning, doctrlna, -ae, F. 
leave, relinquo, -linquere, -ITquT, 

-lictum. 
leave vacant, vacuefacio, -facere, 

-feci, -factum, 
left, sinister, -tra, -trum. 
legion, legio, -onis, F. 
leniency, lenitas, -tatis, F. 
Lentulus, Lentulus, -T, M. 
Lepidus, Lepidus, -T, M. 
lessen, minuo, -ere, -uT, -utum. 
letter, epistula, -ae, F. ; litterae, 

-arum, F., pi. 

(tablets) tabellae, -arum, F., pi. 
liberty, ITbertas, -tatis, F. 
lictor, lictor, -oris, M. 



96 



VOCABULARY 



life, vita, -ae, P. 

lift up, extollo, -ere. 

Ligarius, Ligarius, -7, M. 

like, similis, -e. 

limit, finis, -is, M. 

literature, litterae, -arum, F., pi. 

little, parvus, -a, -um. 

little, a little, paulo (abl). 

live, vivo, vlvere, vixT, vlctum; 

(dwell), habito, -are, -avi, -atum. 
locate, conloco, -are, -avi -atum. 
long time, a long time, diu, adv. 
long, longus, -a, -um. 
lose, amitto, -mittere, -mlsT, 

-missum. 
lost, lost men, perditT, -drum, M. pi. 
lot, sors, sortis, F. 
love (noun), amor, -oris, M. 
love (verb), diligo, -ligere, -lexl, 

-lectum. 
lowest, the lowest class, Infirm, 

-drum, M. pi. 
loyal, bonus, -a, -um. 
Lucius, Lucius, -I, M. 
Lucullus, Lucullus, -I, M. 
luxury, luxuria, -ae, F. 



madness, amentia, -ae, F.; furor, 

-oris, M. 
magistrate, magistratus, -us, M. 
maintain, alo, -ere, -ul, alitus and 

altus; teneo, -ere, -ul, -turn. 
make, facio, -ere, feci, factum. 

be made, fid, fieri, factus sum. 
Mamertine, Mamertlnus, -a, -um. 

the Mamertines, Mamertlnl, 
-orum, M. pi. 
man, homo, hominis; vir, virl, M. 

desperate men, perditl, -orum, M. 
pi. 

young man, adulescentulus, -I, 
M. ; adulescens, -centis, M. 
manage, administro, -are, -avi, 

-atum. 
Manlius, Manlius, -T, M. 

of Manlius, Manlianus, -a, -um. 
manner, modus, -I, M. ; ratio, -onis, 

F.; consuetudo, -dinis, F. 
many, as many... as, tot...quot. 



Marcellus, Marcellus, -I, M. 

the Marcelli, Marcelll, -orum, M. 
pi. 
March, of March (adjective), Mar- 

tius, -a, -um. 
Marcus, Marcus, -I, M. 
Marius, Marius, -I, M. 
Marseilles, Massilia,-ae, F. 
massacre, caedes, -is, F. 
matter, res, rei, F. 
memory, memoria, -ae, F. 
mention, nomino, -are, -avi, -atum; 

memoro, -are, -avi, -atum; com- 

memoro, -are, avi, -atum. 
Metellus, Metellus, -I, M. 
military, mllitaris, -e. 

military affairs, res mllitaris, re) 
mllitaris, F. 
mind, animus, -I, M.; mens, men- 
tis, F. 
mindful, memor, -oris. 
mingle, commisceo, -miscere, -mis- 

cul, -mixtum. 
misfortune, calamitas, -tatis, F. 
Mithridates, Mithridates, -is or T, M. 
modest, very modest, permodestus, 

-a, -um. 
money, pecunia, -ae, F. 
monster, belua, -ae, F. 
monument, monumentum, -I, N. 
morning, in the morning, mane, 

adv. 
move, moved, -ere, movl, motum. 
much (adjective), multus, -a, -um. 
much (adverb), multd. 
multitude, multitudo, -dinis, F. 
murder, trucldo, -are, -avi, -atum. 
Murena, Murena, -ae, M. 
my, meus, -a, -um. 
myself (reflexive 1st person), met, 

mini, me. 



name (noun), nomen, -minis, N. 
name (verb), nomino, -are, -avi, 

-atum. 
nation, natio, nationis, F. ; gens, 

gentis, F. 
nature, natura, -ae, F. 
naval, naval is, -e. 
near, propter, prep, with ace. 



VOCABULARY 



97 



necessary, necesse, indecl. adj. 
neglect, neglego, -legere, -lexT, 

-lectum. 
never, numquam, adv. 
nevertheless, tamen, adv. 
new, novus, -a, -um. 
next, proximus, -a, -um. 
night, nox, noctis, P. 

at night, noctu, adv. 
no, nGllus, -a, -um. 
no longer, non iam. 
no one, nemo (no gen.), dat., neminl 

M. and F. 
not, non. 

not only. . .but also, cum . . .turn, 
nothing, nihil (indecl.). 
November, November, -bris, -bre 

(adjective). 
now, nunc, adv. 
Numantia, Numantia, -ae, F. 
number, numerus, -T, M. 



O, O, interjection. 
obey, pareo, -ere, -ul. 
oblivion, obilvio, -onis, F. 
obscure, obscurus, -a, -um. 
observe, cognosco, -noscere, -novi, 

-nitum. 
obtain, adsequor, -sequl, -secutus 

sum; impetrd, -are, -avl, -atum. 
offend, offendo, -fendere, -fendl, 

-fensum. 
offer, do, dare, dedT, datum. 
often, saepe, adv. 

as often as, totiens. . .quotiens. 
on account of, propter, prep, with 

ace. 
on board, in, prep, with ace. 
one, Onus, -a, -um. 

the one... the other, alter. .. alter. 

one. . .another, alius. . .alius, 
open (adjective), apertus, -a, -um. 
open (transitive verb), aperio, -'ire, 
-ul, -turn. 

be open, pateo, -ere, -uT. 
openly, aperte; palam, advs. 
opinion, sententia, -ae, F. ; exlsti- 

matio, -onis, F. 
opponent, adversarius, -T, M. 



opportunity, potestas, -tatis, F.; 

facultas, -tatis, F. ; occasio, -onis, 

F. 
oppose, oppono, -ponere, -posuT, 

-positum. 
opposed, adversus, -a, -um. 
oration, oratio, -onis, F. 
order (command), iussus, -us, M. 

(arrangement), ordo, ordinis, M. 

in order that, ut, conj. 
order (verb.), iubeo, -ere, iussT, ius- 

sum; impero, -are, -avT, -atum. 
Orestilla, Orestilla, -ae, F. 
organize, conficio, -ficere, -feci, 

-fectum. 
originator, auctor, -toris, M. 
other, another, alius, alia, aliud. 

(all) the other, ceterl, -ae, -a. 
others, the others, ceterl, -Trum, 

M„ pi. 
ought, oportet, oportere, oportuit; 

debeo, -ere, -ul, -itum. 
our, noster, nostra, nostrum, 
outcome, exitus, -us, M. 
outrage, flagitium, -T, N. 
owe, debeo, -ere, -ul, -itum. 



pardon, venia, -ae, F. 

pass (one's life, etc.), ago, -ere, 

eg!, actum. 
pass by, praetermitto, -mittere, 

-mlsl, -missum; praetereo, -Ire, 

-il, -itum. 
part, pars, partis, F. 
participant, particeps, -cipis, M. 

and F. 
party, pars, partis, F. 
patience, patientia, -ae, F. 
pay, solvo, -ere, solvl, solutum; 

pendo, -ere, pependl, pensum. 
peace, pax, pacis, F. ; otium, -T, N. 
people, populus, -T, M. 
perform, fungor, fungi, functus sum. 
peril, pernicies, -el, F.; perlculum, 

-T, N. 
perish, pereo, -Ire, \i, -itum. 
permit, patior, patT, passus sum; 

permitto, -mittere, -misT, 

-missum. 
persecuter, vexator, -toris, M. 



98 



VOCABULARY 



perseverance, perseverantia, -ae, F. 
person, in person (adjective), prae- 

sens, -sentis. 
persuade, persuaded, -suadere, -sua- 

sl, -suasum (takes dative). 
Petreius, Petreius, -I, M. 
Pharsalian, Pharsalicus, -a, -um. 
philosopher, sapiens, sapientis, M. 
Picenum, of Picenum (adjective), 

PIcenus, -a, -um. 
picture, tabula, -ae, P. 
pirate, plrata, -ae, M. ; praedd, 

-onis, M. 
pity, miseret, miserere, miserujt. 
place (noun), locus, -T, M., pi. loci, 

M., and loca, N. 
place (vert), pond, -ere, posul, posi- 

tum; flgo, -ere, flxT, flxum. 

place before, prdpdnd, -ponere, 
-posul, -positum. 
plague, pestis, pestis, F. 
plan, consilium, -7, N. 
pleading", preces, -um, F. pi. 
pleasing, iucundus, -a, -um; gratus, 

-a, -um. 
pleasure, voluptas, -tatis, F.; de- 

liciae, -arum, F. pi. 
pleasure -seeking, libido, -inis, F. 
plebeians, plebs, plebis, F. 
plot (conspiracy), coniuratio, -onis, 
F. 

plots, Tnsidiae, -arum, F. pi. 
plot (verb), cdgitd, -are, -avl, -atum. 
plunder (noun), praeda, -ae, F. 
plunder (verb), spolid, -are, -avl, 

-atum. 
plunderer, depeculator, -ton's, M. 
poet, poeta, -ae, M. 
point out, demdnstrd, -are, -avl, 

-atum. 
Pompey, Pompeius, -T, M. 
Pontus, Pontus, -T, M. 
Porcian, Porcius, -a, -um. 
position, take position, adstd, 

-stare, -stitT. 
possessions, possessidnes, -um, F., 

pi. 
possession, take possession of, po- 
tior, potTrT, potltus sum. 
poverty, egestas, -tatis, F. 
power, potestas, -tatis, F. ; potentia, 



-ae, F.; imperium, -7, N. 
royal power, regnum, -I, N. 
powerful, potens, -tentis. 

to be most powerful, plurimum 
posse. 
practice, exercitatio, -onis, F. 
praetor, praetor, -ton's, M. 
praise (noun), laus, laudis, F. 
praise (verb), laudo, -are, -avl, 
-atum; conlaudo, -are, -avl, 
-atum. 
precept, praeceptum, -7, N. 
prefer, malo, malle, malu7; ante- 

pono, -ponere, -posui, -positum. 
prepare, comparo, -are, -av7, -atum; 

paro, -are, -av7, -atum. 
prepared, paratus, -a, -um. 
presence, in the presence of, apud, 

prep, with ace. 
present (adjective), praesens, -sentis. 

be present, adsum, -esse, -fu7. 
present (bestow), dono, -are, -av7, 

-atum. 
preserve, conservo, -are, -av7, 

-atum. 
preside over, praesum, -esse, -ful. 
prestige, auctoritas, -tatis, F. 
prevent, deterred, -ere, -u7, -itum; 

impedio, -Ire, -7v7, -7tum. 
pride, superbia, -ae, F. 
prison, career, -eris, M. 
privilege, venia, -ae, F. 
produce, prdducd, -ducere, -duxl, 

-ductum. 
profit, fructus, -us, M. ; quaestus, 

-us, M. 
promise, polliceor, pollicer7, poll i - 

citus sum. 
proof, argumentum, -7, N. 
proposal, sententia, -ae, F. 
proscription, prosenptid, -onis, F. 
protect, tutor, -an, -atus sum. 
protection, praesidium, -7, N. 
provide, provided, -videre, -vldl, 

visum. 
provided that, dum modo (con}.). 
providentially, dlvlnitus, adv. 
province, prdvincia, -ae, F. 
punish, punid, -7re, -7v7 or -il, 

-7tum; multd, -are, -avl, -atum; 
vindicd, -are, -av7, -atum. 



VOCABULARY 



99 



punishment, supplicium, -T, N. ; 
poena, -ae, F. 

purpose, sententia, -ae, F. 

for the purpose of, ad ivith accu- 
sative of Gerund or Gerundive; 
causa with genitive of Gerund or 
Gerundive. 

pursuit, studium, -T, N. 

put out, restingud, -stinguere, 
-stlnxl, -stTnctum. 



quaestor, quaestor, -tdris, M. 
quiet, be quiet, quiescd, -ere, 

quievl, quietum. 
Quintus, QuTntus, -T, M. 



Raecius, Raecius, -7, M. 

raise, efferd, efferre, extull, elatum. 

rashness, temeritas, -tatis, F. 

rather than, potius quam. 

read (aloud), recitd, -are, -avl, 

-atum. 
realm, imperium, -T, N. 
recall, revoed, -are, -avT, -atum. 
receive, recipid, -cipere, -cepT, -cep- 

tum; accipid, -cipere, -cepT, -cep- 

tum; capid, capere, cepT, captum. 
recognize, cogndscd, -ndscere, 

-ndvl, -nitum. 
recover, recuperd, -are, -avT, -atum. 
refuge, perfugium, -T, N. 
refuse, recuso, -are, -avT, -atum; 

repudio, -are, -avl, -atum. 
regard (judge), iudicd, -are, -avT, 

-atum. 
regarding, de, prep, with aol. 
reject, repudio, -are, -avT, -atum; 

reicio, -icere, -iecl, -iectum. 
rejoice, gaudeo, -ere, gavlsus sum. 
relax, relaxo, -are, -avT, -atum. 
relieve, ITbero, -are, -avT, -atum; 

relevo, -are, -avT, -atum. 
rely on, nltor, nltl, nlsus or nixus 
sum. 

relying on (adjective), fretus, -a, 
-urn. 
remain, maneo, -ere, mansT, man- 
sum; remaned, -manere, -mansi, 

-mansum. 



remedy, sano, -are, -avT, -atum. 
remember, memini, meminisse; 

reminlscor, reminlscl. 
remind, commoneo, -ere, -ul, -itum. 
remove, removeo, -movere, -movT, 

-motum. 
renew, renovo, -are, -avT, -atum. 
repent, paenitet, paenitere, paeni- 

tuit (impersonal). 
reply, responded, -spondere, 

-spondl, -sponsum. 
report, defero, -ferre, -tull, -latum. 
reputation, fama, -ae, F. 
repute, ill repute, Tnfamia, -ae, F. 
rescue, eripio, -ripere, -ripul, 

-reptum. 
resist, resisto, -sistere, -stiti. 
resort, frequento, -are, -avT, -atum. 
resources, copiae, -arum, F. pi.; 
opes, opum, F. pi. 

resources of virtue, Tnstrumenia 
virtutis. 
respect, in no respect, nihil. 
restore, restituo, -stituere, -stituT, 

stiturus; reddo, -dere, -didT, 

ditum. 
restrain, coerced, -ere, -uT, -itum; 

contineo, -ere, -uT, -tentum; de- 
terred, -ere, -uT, -itum. 
retain, retined, -tinere, -tinuT, 

-tentum; tened, -ere, -ul, 
return (noun), red it us, -us, M. 
return (intransitive vert), reded, -Ire, 

-il, -itum; revertor, revert!, (re- 

vertd, revertere), revert!, 

reversum. 
reveal, indicd, -are, -avT, -atum. 
revenue, vectlgal, -alis, N. 
revolution, novae res, novarum 

rerum, F. pi. 
reward, praemium, -T, N. ; fructus, 

-us, M. ; merces, mercedis, F. 
rich, pecunidsus, -a, -urn; beatus, 

-a, -um. 
right, ius, iuris, N. 
rising, ortus, -us, M. 
rival, competitor, -oris, M. 
road, iter, itineris, N.; via, -ae, F. 
rod, virga, -ae, F. 
Roman, Rdmanus, -a, -um. 

the Romans, Roman!, -drum,M. pi. 



100 



VOCABULARY 



Rome, Roma, -ae, F. 

rout, fundo, -ere, fiidl, fusus. 

Rudiae, from Rudiae (adjective), 

Rudlnus, -a, -um, 
ruin, ruTna, -ae, F. 
rule, administrd, -are, -avT, -atum. 



Sabines, SabTnT, -drum, M. pi. 
sacred, sanctus, -a, -um. 
sacredness, religio, -onis, F. 
safe, salvus, -a, -um; tutus, -a, 

-um. 
safety, salus, -utis, F. 
Sallust, Sallustius, -T, M. 
same, Idem, eadem, idem. 
Sangu, Sanga, -ae, M. 
satisfied, contentus, -a, -um, 
save, servo, -are, -avT, -atum; con- 
servo, -are, -avT, -atum. 
say, dlco, dlcere, dTxT, dictum; 

loquor, loquT, locutus sum. 
Scipio, ScTpio, -onis, M. 
scorn, contemno, -temnere, -tempsl, 

-temptum. 
sea, mare, maris, N. 

sea coast, ora maritima, orae 
maritimae, F. 
seal, signum, -I, N. 
seat, subsellium, -T, N. 
secede, secedo, -cedere, -cessT, 

-cessum. 
secret, occultus, -a, -um. 
secretly, occulte, adv. 
see, video, -ere, vidl, visum; per- 

spicio, -spicere, -spexl, -spectum. 
seek, quaero, -ere, -quaesTvT, quae- 

sTtum; petd, -ere, petlvl or petiT, 

petltum; expeto, -petere, -petlvl 

(-petiT), -petltum. 
seem, videor, viderT, vlsus sum 

(pass, of video). 
seize, occupo, -are, -avl, -atum. 
self control, temperantia, -ae, F. 
senate, senatus, -us, M. 
senate-house, curia, -ae, F. 
senatorial, senatorius, -a, -um. 
send, mitto, -ere, mlsl, missum. 

send ahead, praemittd, -mittere, 

-mlsT, -missum. 
Septimius, Septimius, -T, M. 



serius, gravis, -e. 

servile, servllis, -e. 

set, statuo, -ere, statu!, statutum. 

set fire to, incendo, -cendere, 

-cendi, -censum. 
set forth, explico, -are, -avT, -atum. 
set out, proficTscor, proficlscl, 

profectus sum. 
settle, sedo, -are, -avT, -atum. 
several, complures, -a or -ia, pi. ; 

non nuilT, -ae, -a, pi. 
shameful, indignus, -a, -um; 

foedus, -a, -um. 
shameless, impudens, -dentis, adj. 
share, communico, -are, -avT, 

-atum. 
shattered, adflTctus, -a, -um. 
shop, taberna, -ae, F. 
short, brevis, breve. 
Sicilian, the Sicilians, SiculT, -orum, 

M. pi. 
Sicily, Sicilia, -ae, F. 
sick, aeger, aegra, aegrum. 
side, pars, partis, F. 
siege, obsidio, -onis, F. 
signify, signified, -are, -avT, -atum. 
Silanus, STIanus, -I, M. 
silent, tacitus, -a, -um. 

be silent, taceo, -ere, tacuT, taci- 
turn; sileo, -ere, -ul; tacesco, 
-ere. 
since, cum with subjunctive. 
sister, soror, sororis, F. 
situation (thing), res, reT, F. 
six, sex (indecl. num). 
skill, ars, artis, F. 
slaughter, caedes, -is, F. 
slave, servus, -!, M. 

slaves, servitia, -drum, N. pi. 
slight, tenuis, -e. 
small, parvus, -a, -um. 
snatch, away, eripio, -ripere, -ripul, 

-reptum. 
so, ita, tarn. advs. 
solace, solacium, -T, N. 
sold, be sold, veneo, -Ire, -iT. 
soldier, miles, mllitis, M. 
some, quldam, quaedam, quoddam 
(substantive), non nulll, -orum, 
M. pi. 

some. . .others, alii... alii. 



VOCABULARY 



101 



son, fili us, -T, M. 
son-in-law, gener, generl, M. 
soothsayer, haruspex, -picis, M. 
sorrow, maeror, maeroris, M. 
sorry, be sorry for (repent), paeni- 

tet, paenitere, paenituit (pity), 

miseret, -ere, -uit. 
sort, modus, -T, M. 
Spain, Hispania, -ae, F. 
spare, parco, -ere, pepercT, parsum, 

takes dative; conservo, -are, -avl, 

-atum, takes accusative. 
speak, loquor, -T, locutus sum. 
speech, oratio, -onis, F. 
speed, celeritas, -tatis, F. 
spirit, animus, -!, M. 
splendor, splendor, -doris, M. 
spy, speculator, -toris, M. 
squander, profundo, -fundere, -fudT, 

-fusum. 
stain, macula, -ae, F. 
stand in the way, obstd, -stare, 

-stitT. 
Statilius, Statilius, -T, M. 
station, in lofty station, in excelso. 
statue, statua, -ae, F. ; simulacrum, 

-I, N. ; signum, -T, N. 
status, status, -us, M. 
still, tamen, adv. 
stir up, concito, -are, -avl, -atum; 

conflo, -are, -avl, -atum; sollicitd, 

-are, -avl, -atum. 
stop, sedo, -are, -avl, -atum. 
storm, tempestas, -tatis, F. 
strange, mTrus, -a, -um. 
strengthen, corroboro, -are, -avi, 

-atum. 
strict, severus, -a, -um. 
strife, dissensio, -5nis, F. 
strive, certo, -are, -avl, -atum. 
strong, firmus, -a, -um. 
struggle, certamen, -inis, N. 
subservient, obnoxius, -a, -um. 
success, fellcitas, -tatis, F. 
such... as, (adjective) talis. . .qualis. 
such (adverb), tarn. 
suffer, accipio, -cipere, -cepT, 

-ceptum. 
suffering, dolor, doloris, M. ; crucia- 

tus, -us, M. 
suit, accommodo, -are, -avl, -atum. 



suitable, idoneus, -a, -um. 
suited, accommodatus, -a, -um. 
Sulla, Sulla, -ae, M. 

of Sulla (adjective), Sullanus, -a, 

-um. 
Sulpicius, Sulpicius, -T, M. 
summon, arcesso, -cessere, -cessivT, 

-cessltum; voco, -are, -avl, 

-atum. 
sun, sol, solis, M. 
superhuman, dlvlnus, -a, -um. 
suppliant (adjective), supplex, 
-icis. 

a suppliant, supplex, supplicis, 
M. and F. 
supply, copia, -ae, F. 
supreme, summus, -a, -um. 
surely, certe; profecto, advs. 
surpass, antecello, -cellere. 
surpassing, excellens, -entis. 
surrender, trado, -ere, tradidT, 

traditum. 
surround, circumdo, -dare, -dedl, 

-datum. 
suspect, suspicor, -an, -atus sum. 
suspicion, susplcio, -onis, F. 
sword, gladius, -T, M. 



take, capio, -ere, cepT, captum. 
take away, eripio, -rfpere, -ripuT, 
-reptum; tol!6, tollere, sustulT, 
sublatum. 
take from, detraho, -trahere, 

-traxT, -tractum. 
take up, suscipio, -cipere, -cepT, 
-ceptum. 
talent, ingenium, -T, N. 
tear, lacrima, -ae, F. 
tell, narro, -are, -avl, -atum. 
temple, templum, -T, N. 
terms, condicio, -onis, F. 
terror, terror, terroris, M. 
testimony, testimonium, -I, N. 
than, quam, con). 
thank, gratias ago (agere, eg!, 

actum). 
thanksgiving, supplicatio, -onis, F. 
that, in order that, so that 
(conjunction), ut. 
(with comparatives) quo. 



102 



VOCABULARY 



(after expressions of doubt) quln. 

that not, ne. 
that, (demonstrative adj. and pron.), 
ille, ilia, illud; is, ea, id, (less 
emphatic than ille). 
their (reflexive), suus, -a, -urn. 
then, turn, adv. 
there, ibi, adv. 

think, exTstimo, -are, -avl, -atum; 
arbitror, -an, arbitratus sum; 
puto, -are, -avl, -atum. 

(feel), sentio, -Ire, sens!, sensum. 
this, hie, haec, hoc; is, ea, id (less 

emphatic than hie). 
thousand, mllle (indecl.) ; thousands, 

mllia, -ium, N. pi. 
threaten, impended, -ere; minitor, 

-an, -atus sum; minor, -an, 

-atus sum. 
three, tres, tria. 
throng, multitudo, -dinis, F. 
throw, conicio, -icere, -iecT, 

-iectum. 
thus, ita, adv. 
Tiberius, Tiberius, -T, M. 
Tigranes, Tigranes, -is, M. 
time, tempus, temporis, N. 

at that time, turn, adv. 
timid, timidus, -a, -um. 
to, ad; in, preps, with ace. 
to the place... to which, eo...quo, 

advs. 
to-day, hodie, adv.; hodiernus dies. 
toil, labor, laboris, M. 
torture (noun), cruciatus, -us, M. 
torture (vera), crucio, -are, -avl, 

-atum; excrucio, -are, -avl, 

-atum. 
toward, ad; erga, preps, with ace. 
town, oppidum, -T, N. 
train, exerceo, -ere, -uT, -itum. 
training, discipllna, -ae, F. 
Transalpine, Transalpinus, -a, -um. 
transfer, transfero, -ferre, -tulT, 

-latum. 
treasury, aerarium, -T, N. 
treat, tracto, -are, -avl, -atum. 
trial, iudicium, -T, N. 

(test), perlculum, -I, N." 

without trial, causa indicta. 



tribunate, of the tribunate, .tribu- 

nicius, -a, -um, adj. 
tribune, tribunus, -T, M. 
tributaries, vectlgales, -ium, M. pi. 
tribute, stipendium, -T, N. 
triumph, triumphus, -I, M. 
true, verus, -a, -um. 
trust (noun), fides, -e7, F. 
trust (vero), confTdo, -fidere, -flsus 

sum. 
truth, Veritas, -tatis, F. 
try, conor, -an, -atus sum. 
Tubero, Tubero, -onis, M. 
Tullianum, Tullianum, -T, N. 
turn, converto, -vertere, -vertl, 

-versum. 
two, duo, duae, duo. 
tyrant, tyrannus, -T, M. 



Umbrenus, Umbrenus, -T, M. 
uncertain, incertus, -a, -um. 
unconquered, invictus, -a, -um. 
undergo, suscipio, -cipere, -cepl, 

-ceptum. 
undertake, suscipio, -cipere, -cepl, 

-ceptum. 
undertaking, conatus, -us, M. 
undying, aeternus, -a, -um. 
unfortunate, miser, misera, 

miserum. 
unfriendly, inimlcus, -a, -um. 
ungrateful, ingratus, -a, -um. 
unhappy, miser, misera, miserum. 
unharmed, incolumis, -e. 
unheard-of, inauditus, -a, -um. 
unite, coniungo, -iungere, -iunxT, 

-iunctum; adiungo, -iungere, 

-TunxT, -iunctum. 
unknown, ignotus, -a, -um. 
unless, nisi, conj. 
unpopularity, invidia, -ae, F. 
unpunished, inultus, -a, -um. 
until, dum, conj. 
unusual, eximius, -a, -um; 

singularis, -e. 
unwilling, be unwilling, nolo, nolle, 

ndlul. 
unworthy, indignus, -a, -um. 
upright, integer, -gra, -grum. 
uprightness, integritas, -tatis, F. 



VOCABULARY 



103 



uprising, tumultus, -us, M. 
urge, hortor, -an, hortatus sur 
use, Qsura, -ae, F. 
use, utor, GtT, usus sum. 
use up, consumo, -sumere, 
-sumpsT, -sumptum. 
Utica, Utjca, -ae, F. 



vanquished, victus, -a, -um. 
variance, be at variance, abhorred, 

-ere, -uT. 
Varus, Varus, -T, M. 
Verres, Verres, -is, M. 
verse, versus, -us, M. 
very modest, permodestus, -a, -um. 
veteran, veteranus, -I, M. 
veto, intercessio, -onis, F. 
vexation, dolor, doldris, M. 
vicious, pravus, -a, -um. 
victor, victor, victdris, M. 
victory, victoria, -ae, F. 
villainy, scelus, sceleris, N. 
violate, violo, -are, -avT, -atum. 
violence, vis, vis, F. 
virtue, virtus, -tutis, F. 
voice, vox, vocis, F. 
Volturcius, Volturcius, -T, M. 



wage, gero, -ere, gessT, gestum. 
wait for, exspecto, -are, -avT, 

-atum. 
waiting, be waiting, desum, -esse, 

-fuT. 
war, bellum, -T, N. 

of war (adj.), mTlitaris, -e. 

make war, bellum Tnferre. 
ward off, depello, -pellere, -pull, 

-pulsum; propulso, -are, -avT, 

-atum. 
warn, moneo, -ere, -uT, -itum. 
watch, vigilo, -are, -avT, -atum. 
watchful, dlligens, -gentis. 
water, aqua, -ae, F. 
way (road), via, -ae, F. ; (manner), 

modus, -T, M. 
wealth, dlvitiae, -arum, F. pi. 
weapon, ferramentum, -I, N. 

weapons, arma, -drum, N. pi. 
weeping, fletus, -us, M. 



weight, have weight, valeo, -ere, 
-uT. 

what (interrog.), quid substantive; 
quT, quae, quod, adj. 

when, cum; ubi. 

where, ubi, adv. 

while, dum, adv. 
a little while ago, paulo ante. 

who, qui, quae, quod (relative pro- 
noun); quis, quid (interrog. pro- 
noun). 

whole, totus, -a, -um. 

why, cur, adv. 

wickedly, scelerate, adv. 

will, nutus, -us, M. 

win, concilio, -are, -avT, -atum. 

wipe out, deleo, -ere, -evl, -etum. 

wisdom, consilium, -T, N.; sapien- 
tia, -ae, F. 

wise, sapiens, -entis. 

wish (noun), voluntas, -tatis, F. 

wish (verb), cupio, -ere, cuplvl or 
cupiT, cupltum,' volo, velle, volul. 
not wish, nolo, nolle, nolul. 

with, cum prep, with abl.; apud, 
prep, with ace. 

withdraw (transitive), abstraho, 
-trahere, -traxT, -tractum. 

withdraw (intransitive), exeo, -Tre, 
-iT, -itum; discedo, -cedere, 
-cessT, -cessum. 

without, sine, prep, with abl. 

witness, testis, -is, M. and F. 

woman, mulier, -eris, F. 

word, verbum, -T, N. 

worthy, dignus, -a, -um. 

wound, vulnus, vulneris, N. 

wrath, Tracundia, -ae, F. 

writer, scrlptor, -toris, M. 



year, annus, -T, M. 

yield, cedo, -ere, cessT, cessum; 

concedo, -cedere, -cess!, 

-cessum. 

(obey), pareo, -ere, -uT. 
you, tu, tuT. 
your, tuus, -a, -um; vester, vestra, 

vestrum. 
youth,, adulescentia, -ae, F. 



INDEX 



Ablative : 

of agent, 37. 

of attendant circumstance, 44. 

of comparison, '40. 

of degree of difference, 40. 

of description, 39. 

of manner, 44. 

of means, 37. 

of route, 45. 

of separation, 41. 

with dignus, 43. 

with nit or, 43. 

with Tit or, 43. 
Accusative : 

adverbial, 55. 

of exclamation, 55. 

two accusatives with verbs of 
naming, 55. 
Characterizing clauses, 23. 
Comparison, conditional clauses 

of, 25. 
Conditional Sentences : 

contrary to fact, 11. 

future more vivid, 9. 

future less vivid, 10. 

non-committal, 11. 

in indirect discourse, 26, 28. 
Conditional clauses of comparison, 

25. 
Correlatives, 56. 

cum adversative clauses, 8. 

causal clauses, 8. 

clauses of description, 8. 
Dates, how expressed, 35. 
Dative : 

of possession, 50. 

of purpose, 51. 

of reference, 52. 

of separation, 52. 

with adjectives, 53. 

with compounds, 53. 

with special verbs, 50. 



with the passive of intransitive 
verbs, 50. 
dignus, with ablative, 43. 

with relative clause, 24. 
Doubt, construction with words of, 

21. 
dum, with present tense, 30. 
Fear, subjunctive with expressions 

of, 16. 
Genitive : 

with adjectives, 54. 

of description, 39. 

of indefinite value, 46. 

with interest and refert, 47. 

of material, 49. 

objective, 49. 

subjective, 49. 

with verbs of accusing, etc.. 46. 

with verbs of emotion, 48. 

with verbs of remembering and 
forgetting, 46. 
Gerund and Gerundive, 31. 
Hindrance, subjunctive with verbs 

of, 21. 
Imperative, 29. 
Indirect discourse, 26. 

implied, 28. 
Indirect questions, 7. 
Interrogative particles, 7. 
Negative commands, 17. 
nit or with ablative, 43. 
Obligation, expressions of, 32. 
Periphrastic conjugations, 32. 
Place, expressions of, 34. 
Proviso, clauses of, 25. 
Purpose : 

clauses with ut or ne } 12. 

with quo, 13. 

with a relative, 13. 

expressed by the gerund, or ge- 
rundive, 31. 
quin, clauses with, 21. 



105 



106 



INDEX 



quominus, clauses with, 21. 
Questions, indirect, 7. 

with the subjunctive (direct), 
19. 
quod clauses of reason, 22. 
Result, clauses with ut, 14. 

with a relative, 14. 
Subjunctive : 

anticipatory, 22. 

concessive, 19. 

optative, 18. 

volitive, 18. 

in characterizing clauses, 23, 



in conditional sentences, 9^ 11. 

in clauses with cum, 8. 

with dignus, 24. 

in expressions of fear, 16. 

in indirect discourse, 26, 28. 

in clauses of purpose, 12. 

in direct questions, 19. 

in indirect questions, 7. 

with quln and quominus, 21. 
Substantive clauses of desire, 15. 

of fact, 15. 
Time, expressions of, 35. 
utor, with ablative, 43. 



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